TABLE 1.
Demographics and Outcomes of Patient Population
| Variables | No Secondary Infection (N = 127) | Secondary Infection (N = 110) | Overall (N = 237) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr, mean, sd | 62.1, 14.2 | 58.9, 13.3 | 61, 14 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 74 (58.3) | 67 (60.9) | 96 (40.5) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean, sd | 33.9, 7.9 | 35.9, 11.2 | 34.8, 9.6 |
| Immunosuppression at baseline, n (%)a | 37 (29.1) | 50 (45.5) | 87 (36.7) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 72 (56.7) | 73 (66.4) | 145 (61.2) |
| Source, OSH, n (%) | 52 (40.9) | 59 (53.6) | 111 (46.8) |
| OSH duration prior to transfer, days, mean, sd | 5.4, 4.4 | 8.9, 6.8 | 7.3, 6.0 |
| Source, floor, n (%) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 20 (8.4) |
| Source, emergency department, n (%) | 58 (45.7) | 38 (34.5) | 96 (40.5) |
| Source, long-term acute care facility/nursing home, n (%) | 5 (3.9) | 5 (4.5) | 10 (4.2) |
| Days since onset, mean, sd | 8.6, 5.7 | 9.7, 6.7 | 9.1, 6.2 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 76 (59.8) | 103 (93.6) | 179 (75.5) |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, n (%) | 9 (7.0) | 21 (19.1) | 30 (12.7) |
| Reintubation, n (%) | 5 (3.9) | 18 (16.4) | 23 (9.7) |
| ICU mortality, n (%) | 26 (20.5) | 47 (42.7) | 73 (30.8) |
| Hospital mortality, n (%) | 28 (22.1) | 48 (43.6) | 76 (32.1) |
| ICU readmission, n (%) | 3 (2.4) | 5 (4.5) | 8 (3.4) |
| Hospital duration, d, mean, sd | 19.3, 16.1 | 28.7, 18.2 | 23.61, 17.73 |
| ICU duration, d, mean, sd | 11.7, 13.3 | 21.7, 17.0 | 16.31, 15.94 |
| Maximum C-reactive protein, mg/L, mean, sd | 516.9, 516.6 | 240.5, 133.8 | 228.1, 385.4 |
| Maximum d-dimer, µg/mL, mean, sd | 4.6, 5.6 | 4.7, 5.1 | 4.651, 5.4 |
| Maximum interleukin-6, pg/mL, mean, sd | 79.7, 77.6 | 49.9, 113.3 | 65, 95 |
| Minimum platelets, k/mc, mean, sd | 177.3, 68.4 | 134.1, 61.8 | 157, 68.7 |
| Minimum WBC, k/mc, mean, sd | 6.6, 4.3 | 6.8, 5.0 | 6.69, 4.64 |
| Number of infections, n (%) | |||
| One | — | 55 (50) | 55 (23.2) |
| Two | — | 31 (25.2) | 31(13.1) |
| Three | — | 14 (12.7) | 14 (5.9) |
| Four or more | — | 10 (9.1) | 10 (4.2) |
| Renal replacement therapy, n (%) | 20 (15.8) | 42 (38.2) | 62 (26.2) |
| Vasopressor, n (%) | 56 (44.1) | 95 (86.4) | 151 (63.7) |
| Steroids, n (%) | 107 (84.3) | 106 (96.4) | 213 (89.9) |
| Remdesivir, n (%) | 77 (60.6) | 71 (64.5) | 148 (62.5) |
| Tocilizumab, n (%) | 19 (15.0) | 11 (10) | 30 (12.7) |
| Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) | 10 (7.9) | 7 (6.4) | 17 (7.2) |
— = not applicable, OSH = outside hospital.
aDefined as receiving immunosuppressive therapies or presence of immunosuppressive disease state prior to admission.