TABLE 2.

Studies Reporting Secondary Infections in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients Treated With Corticosteroids

References	Study Design/ Population	Intervention	Secondary Infections	Follow-up Duration	Secondary Infection Definition	Comments
Tomazini et al (72)	Multicenter, randomized, open-label trial	Dexamethasone IV vs placebo	21.9% vs 29.1%	28 d	Not reported	88.1% vs 86.5% were receiving other concomitant antibiotics
CoDEX	299 ICU patients	Dose: 20 mg × 5 d, then 10 mg × 5 d	BSI: 7.9% vs 9.5%			Trial halted early
	151 (51%) received dexamethasone	Duration: 10 d or until ICU discharge
Dequin et al (73)	Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	Hydrocortisone continuous infusion vs placebo	37.7% vs 41.1%; hazard ratio 0.81 (0.49–1.35)	28 d	At discretion of provider and must have been treated with antibiotics	Could use quicker 8 d taper if respiratory status was improved by day 4
CAPE COVID	149 ICU patients	Dose: 200 mg/d × 7 d, 100 mg/d × 4 d, 50 mg/d × 3 d				Trial halted early
	76 (51%) received hydrocortisone	Duration: 14 d
Jeronimo et al 2020 (74)	Single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	Methylprednisolone IV v placebo	BSI at day 7: 8.3% vs 8%	28 d	Positive blood culture	Standard of care included antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia coverage
MetCOVID	393 hospitalized patients	Dose: 0.5 mg/kg bid	Sepsis at day 28: 38.1% vs 38.7%
	194 (49%) received methylprednisolone	Duration: 5 d
Le Balc’h et al 2020 (39)	Single-center, retrospective study	—	Herpesviridae reactivation occurred in 47.4%	Not reported	Viral infections tested twice weekly using quantitative real-time polymerized chain reaction on tracheal aspirates	44% vs 20% received steroids
	38 mechanically ventilated patients

BSI = bloodstream infection.