Table 2.
Prevalence of risk diseases in US adults aged 20 years and older, by MAFLD and NAFLD status, from 1999 to 2016.
| Items | 1999–2002 | 2003–2006 | 2007–2010 | 2011–2016 | Total | Ptrend | Pinteraction | P∗ | OR (95% CI)† |
| Hypertension (%) | |||||||||
| MAFLD | 47.4 (43.9, 50.9) | 49.1 (45.9, 52.3) | 46.9 (43.8, 50.1) | 49.0 (45.8, 52.2) | 48.2 (46.5, 49.9) | 0.846 | 0.976 | 0.040 | 3.16 (2.85, 3.50) |
| NAFLD | 47.9 (44.3, 51.5) | 49.0 (45.6, 52.3) | 46.9 (43.6, 50.2) | 47.6 (44.3, 51.0) | 47.8 (46.0, 49.5) | 0.342 | 0.289 | 2.85 (2.56, 3.17) | |
| Non-MAFLD | 22.3 (20.2, 24.6) | 22.2 (20.0, 24.4) | 21.7 (19.3, 24.3) | 23.4 (21.3, 25.5) | 22.5 (21.4, 23.6) | 0.401 | |||
| Non-NAFLD | 22.8 (20.8, 25.1) | 23.0 (20.9, 25.2) | 22.6 (20.1, 25.2) | 25.1 (23.0, 27.3) | 23.6 (22.5, 24.7) | 0.942 | |||
| Dyslipidemia (%) | |||||||||
| MAFLD | 57.2 (52.9, 61.4) | 53.4 (49.8, 56.9) | 56.0 (52.7, 59.2) | 57.8 (55.2, 60.4) | 56.4 (54.8, 58.0) | 0.488 | 0.099 | 0.124 | 1.57 (1.45, 1.70) |
| NAFLD | 56.5 (52.0, 60.9) | 54.3 (50.6, 58.0) | 56.4 (53.1, 59.7) | 58.3 (55.5, 61.1) | 56.8 (55.1, 58.5) | 0.334 | 0.056 | 1.58 (1.45, 1.72) | |
| Non-MAFLD | 41.7 (38.9, 44.5) | 40.0 (37.1, 43.0) | 38.0 (35.8, 40.2) | 39.9 (38.7, 41.1) | 39.9 (38.7, 41.1) | 0.070 | |||
| Non-NAFLD | 42.3 (39.6, 45.1) | 39.9 (37.0, 42.9) | 38.4 (36.3, 40.5) | 40.4 (38.4, 42.4) | 40.3 (39.1, 41.5) | 0.062 | |||
| Diabetes (%) | |||||||||
| MAFLD | 24.2 (20.8, 28.1) | 22.5 (19.6, 25.6) | 23.9 (22.1, 25.8) | 26.4 (23.9, 28.9) | 24.6 (23.3, 26.0) | 0.408 | 0.163 | 0.347 | 5.73 (5.10, 6.45) |
| NAFLD | 24.3 (20.8, 28.1) | 22.9 (19.9, 26.3) | 24.2 (22.4, 26.2) | 26.4 (23.8, 29.1) | 24.8 (23.4, 26.3) | 0.415 | 0.104 | 5.10 (4.55, 5.73) | |
| Non-MAFLD | 3.5 (2.8, 4.3) | 5.3 (4.4, 6.3) | 5.6 (4.6, 6.8) | 5.6 (4.9, 6.4) | 5.1 (4.6, 5.5) | 0.020 | |||
| Non-NAFLD | 4.0 (3.3, 4.9) | 5.5 (4.7, 6.5) | 6.0 (5.0, 7.2) | 6.4 (5.7, 7.3) | 5.6 (5.2, 6.1) | 0.006 | |||
| General obesity (%) | |||||||||
| MAFLD | 64.6 (60.4, 68.6) | 71.2 (67.9, 74.4) | 67.1 (63.7, 70.3) | 74.0 (71.9, 76.1) | 70.2 (68.7, 71.7) | <0.001 | 0.914 | <0.001 | 15.32 (13.82, 16.99) |
| NAFLD | 65.4 (61.4, 69.2) | 72.1 (68.4, 75.6) | 67.9 (64.3, 71.3) | 75.0 (72.8, 77.2) | 71.1 (69.5, 72.6) | <0.001 | 0.923 | 13.65 (12.34, 15.10) | |
| Non-MAFLD | 14.8 (13.1, 16.6) | 17.5 (15.9, 19.3) | 17.1 (15.2, 19.2) | 20.2 (18.6, 21.8) | 17.7 (16.9, 18.6) | <0.001 | |||
| Non-NAFLD | 16.0 (14.4, 17.8) | 18.6 (17.0, 20.3) | 18.5 (16.6, 20.5) | 22.0 (20.3, 23.7) | 19.2 (18.3, 20.1) | <0.001 | |||
| Central obesity (%) | |||||||||
| MAFLD | 82.6 (79.1, 85.7) | 88.4 (86.1, 90.4) | 84.6 (82.1, 86.7) | 88.7 (87.0, 90.1) | 86.6 (85.5, 87.7) | 0.004 | 0.996 | 0.006 | 17.05 (15.32, 18.97) |
| NAFLD | 82.7 (78.8, 85.9) | 88.5 (86.1, 90.5) | 85.5 (83.0, 87.6) | 89.6 (88.0, 90.9) | 89.6 (88.0, 90.9) | <0.001 | 0.452 | 15.06 (13.55, 16.73) | |
| Non-MAFLD | 32.7 (30.8, 34.6) | 39.5 (36.8, 42.3) | 37.8 (35.2, 40.5) | 40.8 (38.1, 43.4) | 38.1 (36.8, 39.4) | <0.001 | |||
| Non-NAFLD | 34.0 (32.2, 35.9) | 40.8 (38.2, 43.3) | 38.9 (36.4, 41.5) | 42.3 (39.7, 45.0) | 39.4 (38.1, 40.7) | <0.001 | |||
Data are from the NHANESs between 1999 and 2016. Data are expressed as percentage (95% CI). All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and race or ethnic group. Ptrend was calculated for each group by including a continuous variable for the midpoint of each survey period in logistic regression models; significant values indicate variation over time within MAFLD or NAFLD groups. Significant Pinteraction values indicate varying associations between prevalence estimates over time across groups. ∗MAFLD vs. NAFLD. †MAFLD vs. non-MAFLD or non-NAFLD. CI: Confidence interval; MAFLD: Metabolic associated fatty liver disease; NHANESs: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; OR: Odds ratio.