Table 4.
Renal markers in US adults aged 20 years and older by MAFLD and NAFLD status, from 1999 to 2016.
| Items | 1999–2002 | 2003–2006 | 2007–2010 | 2011–2016 | Total | Ptrend | Pinteraction | P∗ | β or OR (95% CI)† |
| Any CKD (%) | |||||||||
| MAFLD | 17.9 (15.4, 20.7) | 19.2 (16.2, 22.7) | 17.0 (14.9, 19.3) | 19.7 (17.6, 21.9) | 18.7 (17.5, 20.0) | 0.883 | 0.861 | 0.599 | 1.67 (1.49, 1.87) |
| NAFLD | 18.2 (15.4, 21.4) | 19.6 (16.3, 23.3) | 17.0 (14.6, 19.6) | 19.8 (17.9, 21.9) | 18.8 (17.5, 20.2) | 0.946 | 0.734 | 1.59 (1.42, 1.78) | |
| Non-MAFLD | 9.3 (8.3, 10.4) | 10.7 (9.2, 12.4) | 11.2 (10.1, 12.5) | 10.4 (9.3, 11.6) | 10.5 (9.8, 11.1) | 0.716 | |||
| Non-NAFLD | 9.5 (8.5, 10.5) | 10.9 (9.4, 12.5) | 11.5 (10.4, 12.8) | 10.8 (9.7, 12.1) | 10.7 (10.1, 11.3) | 0.572 | |||
| ACR ≥30 mg/g (%) | |||||||||
| MAFLD | 13.2 (10.9, 15.8) | 13.8 (11.5, 16.4) | 12.3 (10.4, 14.5) | 14.5 (12.7, 16.6) | 13.6 (12.5, 14.8) | 0.786 | 0.777 | 0.915 | 1.81 (1.61, 2.04) |
| NAFLD | 13.4 (11.0, 16.2) | 13.9 (11.5, 16.7) | 12.1 (10.0, 14.5) | 14.5 (12.7, 16.5) | 13.6 (12.5, 14.8) | 0.927 | 0.948 | 1.71 (1.52, 1.92) | |
| Non-MAFLD | 7.0 (6.0, 8.1) | 7.1 (5.9, 8.6) | 7.4 (6.3, 8.6) | 7.3 (6.4, 8.3) | 7.2 (6.7, 7.8) | 0.891 | |||
| Non-NAFLD | 7.0 (6.0, 8.2) | 7.3 (6.2, 8.6) | 7.7 (6.6, 8.9) | 7.6 (6.8, 8.6) | 7.4 (6.9, 8.0) | 0.835 | |||
| eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (%) | |||||||||
| MAFLD | 6.2 (4.9, 7.9) | 7.6 (5.7, 10.1) | 7.1 (6.0, 8.5) | 7.7 (6.6, 9.0) | 7.3 (6.6, 8.1) | 0.307 | 0.900 | 0.001 | 1.29 (1.09, 1.52) |
| NAFLD | 6.4 (5.0, 8.2) | 7.9 (5.9, 10.5) | 7.3 (6.0, 8.8) | 8.1 (6.9, 9.4) | 7.6 (6.8, 8.4) | 0.195 | 0.843 | 1.30 (1.10, 1.53) | |
| Non-MAFLD | 3.8 (3.2, 4.5) | 4.9 (4.1, 6.0) | 5.6 (4.9, 6.4) | 4.5 (3.9, 5.2) | 4.7 (4.3, 5.1) | 0.182 | |||
| Non-NAFLD | 3.8 (3.2, 4.5) | 4.9 (4.0, 5.9) | 5.5 (4.8, 6.3) | 4.5 (3.8, 5.2) | 4.6 (4.3, 5.0) | 0.208 | |||
| Mean eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | |||||||||
| MAFLD | 96.4 (94.4, 98.3) | 91.7 (89.5, 94.0) | 92.4 (91.0, 93.9) | 92.3 (91.2, 93.3) | 92.9 (92.1, 93.7) | 0.002 | 0.590 | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.11, 1.37) |
| NAFLD | 96.1 (94.0, 98.3) | 91.2 (88.9, 93.5) | 92.1 (90.6, 93.6) | 91.9 (90.8, 93.0) | 92.6 (91.7, 93.4) | 0.002 | 0.839 | 0.03 (−0.62, 0.68) | |
| Non-MAFLD | 102.3 (100.8, 103.8) | 95.4 (94.0, 96.8) | 97.6 (96.1, 99.0) | 97.4 (96.4, 98.5) | 98.1 (97.4, 98.8) | <0.001 | |||
| Non-NAFLD | 102.2 (100.7, 103.7) | 95.5 (94.1, 96.9) | 97.6 (96.1, 99.0) | 97.4 (96.4, 98.4) | 98.1 (97.4, 98.8) | <0.001 | |||
| Hyperfiltration (%) | |||||||||
| MAFLD | 3.5 (2.6, 4.8) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.8) | 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.9) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | 0.001 | 0.414 | 0.417 | 1.75 (1.29, 2.38) |
| NAFLD | 3.6 (2.6, 5.0) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.8) | 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | 0.003 | 0.607 | 1.67 (1.21, 2.31) | |
| Non-MAFLD | 4.3 (3.4, 5.4) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.7) | 2.3 (2.0, 2.7) | <0.001 | |||
| Non-NAFLD | 4.3 (3.4, 5.4) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.3) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.6) | 2.3 (2.0, 2.7) | <0.001 | |||
Data are from the NHANESs between 1999 and 2016. Data are expressed as percentage or mean (95% CI). Any CKD refers, urinary ACR ≥30 mg/g, eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, or both. Hyperfiltration was defined as eGFR ≥135 mL/min per 1.73 m2. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and race or ethnic group. Ptrend was calculated for MAFLD or non-MAFLD group by including a continuous variable for the midpoint of each survey period in regression models. Significant Pinteraction values indicate varying associations between prevalence estimates over time across groups. ∗MAFLD vs. NAFLD. †MAFLD vs. non-MAFLD or non-NAFLD. ACR: Albumin-to-creatinine ratio; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; CI: Confidence interval; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; MAFLD: Metabolic associated fatty liver disease; NHANESs: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; OR: Odds ratio.