Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Jul 14;11:14496. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93929-8

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

General experimental design of the current study. Fathead minnow larvae (< 1 day post hatch, dph) were exposed to either a low (25 mg/L) or high (70 mg/L) concentration of propylthiouracil (PTU), a model thyroid hormone suppressant, through 30 dph. Thyroid hormone (TH) suppression was confirmed via immunofluorescent labeling of thyroxine and TH-sensitive gene expression analysis at 7 and 30 dph, respectively. In addition, growth (i.e., mass, length) was assessed at both time points. Upon reaching adulthood at ~ 11 months post hatch (mph), ex vivo cellular immune function, specifically respiratory burst and phagocytic cell activity, was assessed. The in vivo immune response was determined via the assessment of a suite of immune-related endpoints across multiple levels of biological organization (i.e., transcriptomic analysis, leukocyte counts, spleen index, hematocrit, bacterial load, and pathogen resistance) following injection with Yersinia ruckeri.