Fig. 1. Lipid Droplets accumulate in response to IAV, ZIKV and HSV-1 infections.

a Human THP-1 monocytes were infected with two different strains of influenza- PR8 and X-31 at an MOI 5 for 8 h, Scale bars, 50 μm. b Primary immortalised astrocyte cells were infected with either the ZIKV (MR766 strain), DENV (DENV2) or HSV-1 (KOS strain) at MOI 5 for 8 h. All cells were stained with Bodipy (493/503) to visualise LDs (green) and DAPI to visualise the cell nuclei (blue). IAV was detected with a αNS2 antibody (1:1000), ZIKV and DENV RNA was detected using an anti-3G1.1 and 2G4 dsRNA antibodies (in combination, used neat) and HSV-1 was detected using the anti-HSV-1 antibody (Abcam, ab9533), all shown in red staining. Scale bars, 50 μm. c LD numbers were analysed using ImageJ analysis software. Error bars, mean values ± SEM, P values were determined by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test with a Holm-Sidak correction for multiple comparisons (n = 2 biological replicates). Stimulated cells were statistically compared with their respective mock controls. d C57BL/6 mice were either mock infected or infected with 10⁴ PFU of IAV for 24 or 72 h prior to removal of both lung lobes for immunofluorescence analysis of LDs via Bodipy (493/503) staining (green). DAPI was utilised to visualise the cell nuclei (blue), scale bars, 500 μm. e 1-day old BALB/c pups were either mock infected or infected with 800 PFU of DENV-2 (MON601) for 2 or 4 days prior to removal of pup heads for immunofluorescence analysis of LDs via Bodipy (493/503) staining (green) in the brain and eye. DAPI was utilised to visualise the cell nuclei (blue) and DENV RNA was detected using anti-3G1.1 and 2G4 dsRNA antibodies (in combination). Scale bars, 500 μm, n = 3 mice. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.