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. 2021 Jul 14;11:14484. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93518-9

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© The Author(s) 2021, corrected publication 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Reduction (mean ± SE %) over time in the population sizes (relative to the control) of pest insects (the cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora, the American serpentine leafminer Liriomyza trifolii and the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis) and their insect predators 1–15 days after spraying different concentrations of silica (SiO₂) nanoparticles on faba bean (Vicia faba) or soybean (Glycine max) in the field. An asterisk indicates a significant difference from zero (zero indicates no difference from the control). Overlapping means with an asterisk followed by multiplying numbers indicates the number of overlapping means with a significant difference from zero.