Fig. 2. Parameter estimates for activation across key ROIs of threat neural circuitry during acquisition and recall, separated by CS−type.

During acquisition, significant differences in activation to CS+ and CS− were observed across all ROIs except left amygdala. During early recall, differences were observed in right anterior insula, dorsal ACC, and vmPFC. CS+ E = extinguished CS+ (relevant to extinction and recall only); CS+ U = unextinguished CS+ (relevant to recall only), *p < 0.005; **p < 0.001.