FIG. 1.

Study flow/consort diagram. Patients scheduled for breast surgery were approached at the anesthesia preoperative clinic and completed baseline and follow-up testing as indicated. The n listed is for the Pain Severity Index; n for completion of other pain outcomes. Physical Impact of Pain, Cognitive & Emotional Impact of Pain, Sensory Disturbance, Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) severity, and BPI interference ranged between 181 and 200, as indicated in Table 1. Subjects initially completing the baseline questionnaires who subsequently dropped out of the study did not differ from those not completing the 12-month questionnaires in terms of basic demographics or baseline psychosocial, psychophysical, or pain characteristics