Table 1.

Summary of retinal findings in human subjects with late onset Alzheimer’s disease.

Finding	Preclinical AD vs HC	No Difference	MCI/Early AD vs HC	No Difference	Moderate-severe AD vs HC	No Difference	Biomarker confirmed (Aβ¹; Tau²)	Complete eye exam^* excluding confounding disease
OCT/Histology
pRNFL thinning	Asanad et al., 2020	van de Kreeke et al. (2019)	Coppola et al., (2015); Chan et al., (2019); den Haan et al. (2018a,b); Kesler et al., (2011); Paquet et al., (2007); Ascaso et al., (2014)	den Haan et al., 2018a,b; Lad et al., (2018)	Tsai et al., (1991); Coppola et al., (2015); La Morgia et al., (2016); Sadun et al., (1987), Chan et al., 2019; Asanad et al., 2019a,b; Cipollini et al., 2020; Koronyo et al., (2017); Asanad et al., 2019b	Haan et al., 2019a,b; Sánchez et al., (2020); Lad et al., (2018); Ho et al., (2014), Blanks et al., (1989); Williams et al., (2017)	van de Kreeke et al. (2019)¹; Asanad et al., 2020^1,2; La Morgia et al. (2016)¹; Koronyo et al. (2017)¹; den Haan et al. (2018a,b)^1,2; Asanad et al., 2019b¹; Haan et al., 2019a,b^1,2; Alves et al., 2019a,b^1,2	Asanad et al., 2020; van de Kreeke et al., (2019); den Haan et al. (2018a,b); Kesler et al., (2011); Ascaso et al., (2014); den Haan et al., 2018a,b; Lad et al., (2018); Salobrar-García et al., 2019; Sánchez et al., (2020)
mRNFL thinning/thickening	Santos et al. (2018)	van de Kreeke et al. (2019)	Coppola et al., (2015); Chan et al., (2019); den Haan et al. (2018a,b); Kesler et al., (2011); Paquet et al., (2007); Ascaso et al., (2014)	Sánchez et al., (2020); Alves et al., 2019	Marziani et al., (2013); Cunha, lopes. 2016; Garcia-Martin et al., (2016); Kesler et al., (2011); Shao et al., (2018); Thomson et al., (2015); Salobrar-García et al., (2019)	Haan et al., 2019a,b; Sánchez et al., (2020)	Santos et al. (2018)¹; Sadda et al. (2019)^1,2; Haan et al., 2019a,b¹;van de Kreeke et al. (2019)¹; den Haan et al. (2018a,b)^1,2	van de Kreeke et al., (2019); Sánchez et al., (2020); Marziani et al., (2013); Cunha, lopes. 2016; Haan et al., 2019a,b; Sadda et al., (2019); den Haan et al. 2018a,b; Kesler et al., (2011); Ascaso et al., (2014); Garcia-Martin et al., (2016); Salobrar-García et al., (2019)
RGC-IPL thinning	Sadda et al. (2019)	van de Kreeke et al., (2019); Asanad et al., 2020		Lad et al., (2018); Sánchez et al., (2020); Alves et al., 2019	Hinton et al., (1986); La Morgia et al., (2016); Blanks et al., (1989); Blanks et al., 1996a,b; Bassi and Sadun (1990); Blanks et al., (1991); Curcio and Drucker (1993); den Haan et al., (2018a,b); den Haan et al. 2018a,b; Asanad et al., 2019a,b; Chan et al., 2019; Marziani et al., (2013); Cunha, lopes et al., 2016; Garcia-Martin et al., (2016); Kesler et al., (2011); Shao et al., (2018); Thomson et al., (2015); Salobrar-García et al., (2019)	Haan et al., 2019a,b; Sánchez et al., (2020); Lad et al., (2018)	van de Kreeke et al. (2019)¹; Asanad et al., 2020^1,2; La Morgia et al. (2016)¹; Haan, et al., 2019a,b¹; den Haan et al. 2018a,b^1,2; Asanad et al. 2019¹; Curcio and Drucker (1993)^1,2	Sadda et al., (2019); van de Kreeke et al., (2019); Asanad et al., 2020; Lad et al., (2018); Sánchez et al., (2020); Marziani et al., (2013); Cunha, lopes et al., 2016; Garcia-Martin et al., (2016); Kesler et al., (2011); Salobrar-García et al., (2019)
Total macular thinning/thickening		van de Kreeke et al., (2019); Asanad et al., 2020	Chan et al., (2019); Shao et al., (2018)	den Haan et al. 2018a,b; Sánchez et al., (2020)	den Haan et al. 2018a,b/Salobrar-García et al., (2019)	Sánchez et al. (2020)	den Haan et al. 2018a,b^1,2; den Haan et al., (2018a,b)^1,2; van de Kreeke et al. (2019)¹; Asanad et al., 2020^1,2	van de Kreeke et al., (2019); Asanad et al., 2020; den Haan et al., 2018a,b; Sánchez et al., (2020); den Haan et al., (2018a,b); Salobrar-García et al., (2019)
Choroidal thinning/thickening					Bulut et al., (2018); Chan et al., 2019/Asanad et al., 2019	Haan et al., (2019a,b)	Asanad et al. 2019¹; Haan et al., 2019a,b^1,2	Bulut et al., (2018); Asanad et al., 2019a,b; Haan et al., 2019a,b
Vascular
Capillary density decrease		Sadda et al., (2019); Haan et al., 2019a,b	Yoon et al., (2019); Jiang et al., 2018a,b		Bulut et al., (2018); Jiang et al., 2018a,b	Querques et al. (2019)	Sadda et al. (2019)^1,2; Haan et al., 2019a,b^1,2; Querques et al. (2019)^1,2	Sadda et al., (2019); Haan et al., 2019a,b; Querques et al., (2019); Jiang et al., 2018a,b; Yoon et al., (2019)
Enlarged FAZ	O’Bryhim et al. (2018)				Bulut et al. (2018)		O’Bryhim et al. (2018)^1,2	O’Bryhim et al., (2018); Bulut et al., (2018)
Decreased blood flow					Feke et al., (2015); Berisha et al., (2007); Szegedi et al., (2020); Jiang et al., 2018a,b			Feke et al., (2015); Berisha et al., (2007); Szegedi et al., (2020); Jiang et al., 2018a,b
Decreased vessel reactivity					Querques et al. (2019)	Szegedi et al. (2020)	Querques et al. (2019)^1,2	Querques et al., (2019); Szegedi et al., (2020)
Decreased vessel caliber					Berisha et al., (2007); Cheung et al., (2014); Szegedi et al., (2020)			Berisha et al., (2007); Cheung et al., (2014); Szegedi et al., (2020)
ERG
Inner retinal dysfunction	Moschos et al. (2012)				Parisi et al., (2001); Krasodomska et al., (2010); Sartucci et al., (2010); Parisi et al. (2001)			Krasodomska et al., (2010); Sartucci et al., (2010)
Outer retinal Dysfunction					Parisi et al. (2001)	Katz B, S Rimmer et al., 1989		Katz B, S Rimmer et al., 1989

Abbreviations: OCT = Optical Coherence Tomography, ERG = Electroretinography, AD = Alzheimer’s Disease, HC = Healthy Controls, pRNFL = peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer, mRNFL = macular retinal nerve fiber layer, MCI = mild cognitive impairment, RGC = Retinal Ganglion Cells, IPL = Inner Plexiform Layer, FAZ = Foveal Avascular Zone, Blank cells indicate no data or study was available for that parameters.

^(*)

Complete eye exam includes visual acuity, intraocular pressure measurement, and dilated fundus examination.