Fig. 1. Single-cell approaches to study human atherosclerosis.

a | After atherosclerotic tissue is dissociated into single cells, the sample is analysed using three approaches: cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF), cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). b | CyTOF can be used to analyse the broad cell types and frequencies of immune cells across patients, with the use of unbiased approaches such as Louvain clustering. c | CITE-seq accurately integrates proteomics and gene expression signatures. d | scRNA-seq can be used to characterize phenotypically the immune cells from patients and to compare profiles of different cell types. pDCs, plasmacytoid dendritic cells.