Table I.
Comparison of capsaicin effects on cough and inflammation in COPD and asthma.
| Component | Effect | Study type | (Refs.) |
|---|---|---|---|
| COPD | |||
| Cough | Increase in frequency | In vitro (mucosal cells) | (60) |
| Increase in frequency | In vivo (guinea pigs) | (62) | |
| Increase in frequency | Trial | (104,109) | |
| Rise of exacerbation incidence | (109) | ||
| Inflammation | Release of IL-1α, TNF-α and PGE2 | In vitro (human primary bronchial fibroblasts) | (97) |
| Release IL-8 and pro-inflammatory cytokines | In vitro (primary bronchial epithelia cells) | (92,136) | |
| Release IL-1β and IL-18 | |||
| Maintain inflammation | In vivo (mice) | (32) | |
| Asthma | |||
| Cough | Increase in frequency | In vitro (bronchial cells) | (136) |
| Increase in frequency | In vivo (guinea pigs) | (149,150) | |
| Increase in frequency | Trial | (151,153) | |
| Inflammation | Pro-inflammatory | In vitro (bronchial cells) | (140) |
| Eosinophil infiltration | In vivo (guinea pigs) | (150) | |
| Pro- and anti-inflammatory | In vivo (mice) | (141,142) |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; PG, prostaglandin; IL, interleukin.