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. 2021 Jul 1;11:656421. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.656421

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Copyright © 2021 Srivastava, Abraham and Mukhopadhyay

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Different types of modifications in aptamers. Chemical modifications at 2′ position (A, B), 5′ and 3′ (C, D) ends of the sugar component, replacement of oxygen (O) with sulfur (S) (E), incorporation of functional chains (F) or benzyl or naphthyl group (G) at the nitrogenous base. Generation of Spiegelmers (H). Aptamers are generated against target having mirror image configuration. Aptamers that bind to mirror image configuration of target are selected, PEG, polyethylene glycol; Br, bromine; F, fluorine.