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. 2021 Jul 1;9:675465. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.675465

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Crosstalk between mitochondrial and cytoplasmic translation. mtEF4, translation activators, and mitomiRs are important regulators that directly affect mitochondrial translation. The components of mitochondrial complexes I, II, III, IV, and V are produced by both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic translation, requiring coordination between the two translation systems. mtEF4 has a back-translocation effect and catalyzes the back-translocation of the P- and E-tRNAs to A- and P-tRNAs. Mitochondrial translation activator promotes mRNA-specific translation initiation. MitomiRs function at the 3′ end of mRNA. mTOR and ATF4 play an important role in the crosstalk between mitochondrial and cytoplasmic translation.