TABLE 1.
Patients' characteristics
| IPs n = 634 (%) | OPs n = 1864 (%) | p‐Value | OR; 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic features | ||||
| Female gender | 226 (35.6) | 595 (31.9) | 0.08 | 1.18; 0.98–1.43 |
| Age (years), mean | 72.5 ± 13.8 | 67.2 ± 16.8 | <0.0001 | |
| Smoker | 138/627 (22.0) | 497/1839 (27.1) | 0.01 | 0.76; 0.61–0.94 |
| Alcohol (>30 g/day) | 139/627 (22.2) | 491/1840 (26.7) | 0.02 | 0.78; 0.63–0.96 |
| BMI, mean | 25.9 ± 5.5 | 25.7 ± 6 | 0.58 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Charlson score >3 | 247 (38.9) | 496 (26.6) | <0.0001 | 1.76; 1.45–2.12 |
| Cirrhosis | 104 (16.4) | 420 (22.5) | 0.001 | 0.67; 0.53–0.85 |
| CHILD PUGH >8 | 45/95 (47.4) | 149/369 (40.4) | 0.22 | 1.32; 0.84–2.09 |
| MELD >16 | 38/82 (46.3) | 127/351 (36.2) | 0.09 | 1.52; 1.93–2.47 |
| Cardiac disease (HF, IHD) | 199 (31.4) | 489 (26.2) | 0.01 | 1.29; 1.06–1.57 |
| Drug intake | ||||
| No treatment | 164 (25.9) | 761 (40.8) | <0.0001 | 0.50; 0.41–0.61 |
| PPI | 264 (41.6) | 512 (27.4) | <0.0001 | 1.87; 1.55–2.26 |
| NSAID | 26 (4.1) | 175 (9.4) | <0.0001 | 0.41; 0.27–0.62 |
| Steroids | 52 (8.2) | 73 (3.9) | <0.0001 | 2.18; 1.51–3.15 |
| Aspirin | 210 (33.1) | 472 (25.4) | <0.0001 | 1.45; 1.19–1.77 |
| Other antiplatelets | 94 (14.8) | 244 (13.1) | 0.28 | 1.15; 0.89–1.49 |
| Heparin | 194 (30.6) | 61 (3.3) | <0.0001 | 13.3; 9.5–17.6 |
| Therapeutic | 78/194 (40.2) | 18/61 (29.5) | 0.17 | 1.60; 0.86–2.99 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 99 (15.6) | 381 (20.4) | 0.004 | 0.70; 0.56–0.89 |
| VKA | 54/99 (54.5) | 213/381 (55.9) | 0.99 | 0.10; 0.64–1.55 |
| NOAC | 45/99 (45.5) | 168/381 (44.1) | 0.63 | 0.76; 0.54–1.07 |
| Laboratory studies | ||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dl) | 8.6 ± 2.2 | 9.14 ± 3.0 | <0.0001 | |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 16.1 ± 13.5 | 13.4 ± 10.2 | <0.0001 | |
| Creatinin (μmol/L) | 147.8 ± 95 | 124.4 ± 86 | 0.02 | |
| Platelets count (g/L) | 239.6 ± 132 | 215.2 ± 114 | <0.0001 | |
| Prothrombin time (%) | 71.2 ± 20.3 | 69.6 ± 22.6 | 0.5 | |
| Albumin (g/L) | 27.8 ± 7.6 | 28.7 ± 6.1 | 0.23 | |
| H. pylori status | ||||
| Positive | 30/295 (10.1) | 123/902 (13.6) | 0.12 | 0.72; 0.47–1.09 |
| Bleeding severity assessment | ||||
| Haemodynamic instability | 70 (11.1) | 178 (9.7) | 0.03 | 1.11; 0.83–1.50 |
| Initial transfusion | 340 (53.8) | 874 (47.0) | 0.003 | 1.31; 1.1–1.58 |
| Pre‐RS >5 | 253 (40.9) | 553 (30.3) | <0.0001 | 1.60; 1.32–1.92 |
| GBS >11 | 305 (50.9) | 768 (42.3) | <0.0001 | 1.42; 1.18–1.70 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HF, heart failure; GBS, Glasgow‐Blatchford score; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; IPs, in‐patients; NOAC, new oral anti‐coagulants; NSAID, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs; OPs, out‐patients; OR, odds ratio; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; pre‐RS, pre‐endoscopic Rockall score; VKA, vitamin K antagonists.