Table 1.
Characteristics of study sample by message factor (N=296).
| Participant characteristics | Total | Risk × Loss (n=71) | Benefit × Loss (n=82) | Risk × Gain (n=68) | Benefit × Gain (n=75) | ||||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 62.9 (5.5) | 62.5 (5.4) | 62.9 (5.8) | 63.6 (5.6) | 63.0 (5.3) | ||||||
| Gender, n (%) |
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Male | 97 (32.8) | 18 (25.4) | 22 (26.8) | 27 (39.7) | 30 (40.0) | |||||
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Female | 196 (66.2) | 52 (73.2) | 60 (73.2) | 40 (58.8) | 44 (58.7) | |||||
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Other | 3 (1.0) | 1 (1.4) | 0 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.3) | |||||
| Race, n (%) |
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White | 262 (88.5) | 64 (90.1) | 71 (86.6) | 57 (83.8) | 70 (93.3) | |||||
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Black/African American | 18 (6.1) | 5 (7.0) | 5 (6.1) | 7 (10.3) | 1 (1.3) | |||||
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Other | 16 (5.4) | 2 (2.8) | 6 (7.3) | 4 (5.9) | 4 (5.3) | |||||
| Ethnicity, n (%) |
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Hispanic | 12 (4.1) | 2 (2.8) | 6 (7.3) | 2 (2.9) | 2 (2.7) | |||||
| Education, n (%) |
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High-school graduate | 102 (34.5) | 26 (36.6) | 28 (34.1) | 21 (30.9) | 27 (36.0) | |||||
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Post–high-school education | 194 (65.5) | 45 (63.4) | 54 (65.9) | 47 (69.1) | 48 (64.0) | |||||
| Health insurance, n (%) |
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Insured | 264 (89.2) | 66 (93.0) | 70 (85.4) | 63 (92.6) | 65 (86.7) | |||||
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Not insured/do not know | 32 (10.8) | 5 (7.0) | 12 (14.6) | 5 (7.4) | 10 (13.3) | |||||
| Income, n (%) |
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Less than US $40k | 141 (47.6) | 34 (47.9) | 41 (50.0) | 28 (41.2) | 38 (50.7) | |||||
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US $40k or above | 95 (32.1) | 37 (52.1) | 41 (50.0) | 40 (58.8) | 37 (49.3) | |||||
| eHealth literacy, mean (SD); range | 3.97 (0.63); 1.5-5 | 3.96 (0.66); 2-5 | 4.04 (0.64); 1.5-5 | 4.01 (0.59); 2.25-5 | 3.86 (0.61); 2.13-5 | ||||||
| Lung screening history, n (%) |
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Screened for lung cancer | 78 (26.4) | 21 (29.6) | 15 (18.3) | 23 (33.8) | 19 (25.3) | |||||
| Other cancer screening history, n (%)a |
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Prostate | 9 (3.1) | 2 (2.9) | 3 (3.7) | 2 (3.1) | 2 (2.8) | |||||
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Breast | 20 (7.0) | 4 (5.8) | 5 (6.2) | 5 (7.7) | 6 (8.5) | |||||
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Pancreatic | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||||
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Skin | 8 (2.8) | 3 (4.3) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.5) | 3 (4.2) | |||||
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Stomach | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | |||||
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Gynecological | 28 (9.8) | 5 (7.2) | 10 (12.3) | 8 (12.3) | 5 (7.0) | |||||
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Colorectal | 130 (45.5) | 33 (47.8) | 35 (43.2) | 34 (52.3) | 28 (39.4) | |||||
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Other | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.4) | |||||
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Never screened for any test | 87 (30.4) | 22 (31.9) | 26 (32.1) | 14 (21.5) | 25 (35.2) | |||||
| Smoking characteristics, n (%) |
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Years smoked, mean (SD); range | 41.1 (9.6); 20-65 | 41.4 (8.5); 20-65 | 39.0 (9.1); 20-60 | 43.3 (10.8); 20-60 | 41.1 (9.5); 20-60 | |||||
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Cigarettes smoked per day, mean (SD); range | 15.44 (9.2); 0-66 | 16.8 (10.8); 4-66 | 13.8 (8.5); 0-40 | 17.4 (9.6); 0-50 | 14.2 (7.6); 1-40 | |||||
| Minutes to first cigarette, n (%) |
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Within 5 minutes | 80 (27.0) | 21 (29.6) | 16 (19.5) | 23 (33.8) | 20 (26.7) | |||||
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6-30 minutes | 141 (47.6) | 35 (49.3) | 40 (48.8) | 32 (47.1) | 34 (45.3) | |||||
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31-60 minutes | 43 (14.5) | 12 (16.9) | 15 (18.3) | 7 (10.3) | 9 (12.0) | |||||
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After 60 minutes | 32 (10.8) | 3 (4.2) | 11 (13.4) | 6 (8.8) | 12 (16.0) | |||||
| Urge to smoke in the past 24 hours, n (%) |
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All of the time | 33 (11.1) | 9 (12.7) | 8 (9.8) | 10 (14.7) | 6 (8.0) | |||||
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Almost all the time | 29 (9.8) | 9 (12.7) | 9 (11.0) | 7 (10.3) | 4 (5.3) | |||||
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A lot of the time | 92 (31.1) | 17 (23.9) | 29 (35.4) | 16 (23.5) | 30 (40.0) | |||||
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Some of the time | 100 (33.8) | 23 (32.4) | 23 (28.0) | 27 (39.7) | 27 (36.0) | |||||
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A little of the time | 40 (13.5) | 12 (16.9) | 12 (14.6) | 8 (11.8) | 8 (10.7) | |||||
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Not at all | 2 (0.7) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||||
| Quit importance, mean (SD); range | 6.76 (3.01); 0-10 | 6.57 (3.13); 0-10 | 6.73 (2.80); 1-10 | 6.51 (3.30); 0-10 | 7.15 (2.90); 0-10 | ||||||
| Quit confidence, mean (SD); range | 4.72 (2.90); 0-10 | 4.66 (2.96); 0-10 | 5.18 (2.92); 0-10 | 4.76 (2.73); 0-10 | 4.19 (2.99); 0-10 | ||||||
| Benefits of quitting to reduce cancer risk, mean (SD); range | 6.75 (2.99); 0-10 | 7.15 (2.72); 0-10 | 7.11 (2.87); 0-10 | 6.25 (3.27); 0-10 | 7.11 (2.87); 0-10 | ||||||
| Intention to quit smoking, mean (SD); range | 4.90 (2.39); 1-10 | 5.15 (2.38); 1-9 | 4.74 (2.38); 1-10 | 4.87 (2.42); 1-9 | 4.96 (2.42); 1-9 | ||||||
a10 responses were not recorded (n=69, 81, 65, and 71 for columns 2-5).