Table. Japanese COVID-19 Incidence Rate, Mortality Rate, Incidence Rate Ratio, and Mortality Rate Ratio by Prefectural Socioeconomic Characteristics as of February 13, 2021.
| Socioeconomic variable | Incidence rate per 100 000 (95% CI) | Incidence RR (95% CI)a | Mortality rate per 100 000 (95% CI) | Mortality RR (95% CI)a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 3d | Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 3d | |||
| Household income adjusted by regional price parities | ||||||||
| 5th quintile | 249.7 (247.9-251.6) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | 4.35 (4.11-4.60) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 4th quintile | 463.7 (461.7-465.8) | 1.86 (1.84-1.87) | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | NA | 5.94 (5.71-6.18) | 1.37 (1.28-1.46) | 0.78 (0.71-0.85) | NA |
| 3rd quintile | 174.3 (172.3-176.4) | 0.70 (0.69-0.71) | 1.02 (1.00-1.03) | NA | 4.00 (3.69-4.33) | 0.92 (0.84-1.01) | 1.17 (1.05-1.30) | NA |
| 2nd quintile | 335.5 (333.2-337.8) | 1.34 (1.33-1.36) | 1.31 (1.30-1.33) | NA | 6.68 (6.37-7.01) | 1.54 (1.43-1.66) | 1.34 (1.22-1.49) | NA |
| 1st quintile | 235.3 (232.8-237.7) | 0.94 (0.93-0.95) | 1.45 (1.43-1.48) | NA | 5.86 (5.48-6.26) | 1.35 (1.24-1.47) | 1.81 (1.59-2.07) | NA |
| Gini coefficient | ||||||||
| 1st quintile | 193.8 (192.0-195.6) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | 3.07 (2.84-3.31) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 2nd quintile | 206.4 (204.4-208.4) | 1.07 (1.05-1.08) | 1.05 (1.04-1.07) | NA | 4.65 (4.35-4.96) | 1.51 (1.37-1.67) | 1.32 (1.19-1.47) | NA |
| 3rd quintile | 335.1 (333.1-337.1) | 1.73 (1.71-1.75) | 0.96 (0.95-0.97) | NA | 5.50 (5.24-5.76) | 1.79 (1.64-1.96) | 1.25 (1.13-1.37) | NA |
| 4th quintile | 270.7 (268.4-273.1) | 1.40 (1.38-1.42) | 1.34 (1.32-1.37) | NA | 6.04 (5.70-6.39) | 1.97 (1.79-2.16) | 1.38 (1.22-1.56) | NA |
| 5th quintile | 510.0 (507.5-512.4) | 2.63 (2.60-2.66) | 0.81 (0.80-0.83) | NA | 7.23 (6.94-7.53) | 2.36 (2.17-2.57) | 0.79 (0.69-0.90) | NA |
| Proportion of the population receiving public assistance | ||||||||
| 1st quintile | 206.1 (204.2-208.1) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | 4.05 (3.78-4.33) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 2nd quintile | 183.9 (182.0-185.7) | 0.89 (0.88-0.90) | 1.11 (1.10-1.13) | NA | 4.21 (3.94-4.51) | 1.04 (0.95-1.15) | 1.11 (1.01-1.22) | NA |
| 3rd quintile | 138.7 (136.7-140.7) | 0.67 (0.66-0.68) | 0.92 (0.91-0.94) | NA | 2.28 (2.03-2.54) | 0.56 (0.49-0.64) | 0.63 (0.55-0.72) | NA |
| 4th quintile | 354.2 (352.1-356.3) | 1.72 (1.70-1.74) | 1.55 (1.54-1.57) | NA | 5.22 (4.97-5.48) | 1.29 (1.19-1.40) | 1.23 (1.13-1.34) | NA |
| 5th quintile | 505.7 (503.4-507.9) | 2.45 (2.43-2.48) | 1.55 (1.52-1.58) | NA | 8.18 (7.90-8.47) | 2.02 (1.88-2.18) | 1.51 (1.35-1.69) | NA |
| Educational attainment: college or higher-level degree | ||||||||
| 5th quintile | 470.0 (468.3-471.6) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | 7.37 (7.16-7.58) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 4th quintile | 183.5 (181.6-185.4) | 0.39 (0.39-0.39) | 0.58 (0.57-0.58) | NA | 2.86 (2.63-3.11) | 0.39 (0.36-0.42) | 0.38 (0.34-0.42) | NA |
| 3rd quintile | 199.5 (197.3-201.7) | 0.42 (0.42-0.43) | 0.70 (0.69-0.71) | NA | 3.47 (3.19-3.77) | 0.47 (0.43-0.51) | 0.54 (0.49-0.60) | NA |
| 2nd quintile | 213.6 (211.1-216.1) | 0.45 (0.45-0.46) | 0.78 (0.77-0.80) | NA | 5.90 (5.49-6.32) | 0.80 (0.74-0.86) | 0.66 (0.59-0.74) | NA |
| 1st quintile | 80.7 (79.1-82.2) | 0.17 (0.17-0.18) | 0.37 (0.37-0.38) | NA | 1.72 (1.50-1.97) | 0.23 (0.20-0.27) | 0.26 (0.22-0.30) | NA |
| Unemployment rate | ||||||||
| 1st quintile | 127.8 (125.8-129.8) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | 2.79 (2.50-3.09) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 2nd quintile | 198.4 (196.6-200.3) | 1.55 (1.52-1.58) | 1.03 (1.01-1.05) | NA | 3.54 (3.30-3.80) | 1.27 (1.12-1.45) | 1.08 (0.95-1.23) | NA |
| 3rd quintile | 318.6 (316.4-320.9) | 2.49 (2.45-2.54) | 1.41 (1.38-1.44) | NA | 4.74 (4.47-5.02) | 1.70 (1.51-1.92) | 1.31 (1.15-1.49) | NA |
| 4th quintile | 471.0 (468.8-473.2) | 3.69 (3.63-3.75) | 1.40 (1.38-1.43) | NA | 6.57 (6.31-6.84) | 2.36 (2.11-2.64) | 1.38 (1.22-1.57) | NA |
| 5th quintile | 332.8 (330.8-334.9) | 2.60 (2.56-2.65) | 1.56 (1.53-1.59) | NA | 7.19 (6.89-7.49) | 2.58 (2.31-2.89) | 1.85 (1.65-2.09) | NA |
| Percentage of workers in health care industry | ||||||||
| 1st quintile | 439.4 (437.7-441.2) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | 5.99 (5.78-6.19) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 2nd quintile | 140.4 (138.6-142.2) | 0.32 (0.32-0.32) | 0.68 (0.67-0.69) | NA | 2.61 (2.37-2.87) | 0.44 (0.39-0.48) | 0.65 (0.58-0.72) | NA |
| 3rd quintile | 333.3 (331.2-335.4) | 0.76 (0.75-0.76) | 1.27 (1.25-1.28) | NA | 8.44 (8.11-8.78) | 1.41 (1.34-1.49) | 1.72 (1.58-1.87) | NA |
| 4th quintile | 235.3 (232.9-237.7) | 0.54 (0.53-0.54) | 0.91 (0.89-0.92) | NA | 3.17 (2.89-3.46) | 0.53 (0.48-0.58) | 0.61 (0.54-0.68) | NA |
| 5th quintile | 122.1 (119.9-124.4) | 0.28 (0.27-0.28) | 0.77 (0.75-0.79) | NA | 2.04 (1.77-2.35) | 0.34 (0.29-0.39) | 0.55 (0.46-0.65) | NA |
| Percentage of workers in retail industry | ||||||||
| 1st quintile | 483.6 (481.3-485.8) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | 7.09 (6.83-7.37) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 2nd quintile | 284.8 (282.9-286.6) | 0.59 (0.58-0.59) | 1.25 (1.23-1.27) | NA | 4.80 (4.56-5.05) | 0.68 (0.64-0.72) | 1.44 (1.30-1.59) | NA |
| 3rd quintile | 314.9 (312.9-316.9) | 0.65 (0.65-0.66) | 1.19 (1.17-1.20) | NA | 5.52 (5.25-5.79) | 0.78 (0.73-0.83) | 1.30 (1.20-1.41) | NA |
| 4th quintile | 118.2 (116.3-120.1) | 0.24 (0.24-0.25) | 0.77 (0.76-0.79) | NA | 1.52 (1.32-1.76) | 0.21 (0.18-0.25) | 0.44 (0.37-0.51) | NA |
| 5th quintile | 222.9 (220.5-225.3) | 0.46 (0.46-0.47) | 1.36 (1.34-1.38) | NA | 6.08 (5.70-6.49) | 0.86 (0.80-0.92) | 1.45 (1.31-1.61) | NA |
| Percentage of workers in transportation and postal industry | ||||||||
| 1st quintile | 114.4 (112.3-116.4) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | 2.14 (1.87-2.44) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 2nd quintile | 224.4 (221.9-226.9) | 1.96 (1.92-2.00) | 1.27 (1.24-1.30) | NA | 3.72 (3.40-4.05) | 1.73 (1.49-2.03) | 1.38 (1.17-1.63) | NA |
| 3rd quintile | 108.5 (106.7-110.3) | 0.95 (0.93-0.97) | 0.78 (0.76-0.80) | NA | 2.05 (1.82-2.31) | 0.96 (0.80-1.14) | 0.90 (0.76-1.08) | NA |
| 4th quintile | 423.8 (421.6-426.0) | 3.71 (3.64-3.77) | 1.29 (1.26-1.32) | NA | 5.88 (5.62-6.14) | 2.74 (2.40-3.15) | 1.78 (1.54-2.08) | NA |
| 5th quintile | 385.3 (383.7-386.9) | 3.37 (3.31-3.43) | 1.61 (1.57-1.64) | NA | 7.14 (6.91-7.36) | 3.33 (2.92-3.82) | 2.55 (2.21-2.94) | NA |
| Percentage of workers in restaurant industry | ||||||||
| 1st quintile | 76.3 (74.6-78.0) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1.53 (1.30-1.79) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 2nd quintile | 120.7 (119.0-122.4) | 1.58 (1.54-1.62) | 1.44 (1.40-1.48) | NA | 2.42 (2.18-2.68) | 1.58 (1.31-1.91) | 1.56 (1.30-1.89) | NA |
| 3rd quintile | 151.7 (149.7-153.7) | 1.99 (1.94-2.04) | 1.55 (1.51-1.60) | NA | 2.33 (2.08-2.59) | 1.52 (1.26-1.84) | 1.56 (1.29-1.90) | NA |
| 4th quintile | 277.1 (275.2-279.0) | 3.63 (3.55-3.72) | 2.82 (2.75-2.88) | NA | 6.23 (5.95-6.53) | 4.07 (3.47-4.81) | 4.19 (3.55-4.98) | NA |
| 5th quintile | 496.6 (494.7-498.4) | 6.51 (6.37-6.66) | 2.61 (2.54-2.68) | NA | 7.42 (7.20-7.65) | 4.84 (4.14-5.71) | 4.17 (3.48-5.03) | NA |
| Household crowding | ||||||||
| 5th quintile | 95.4 (93.8-97.1) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 2.23 (1.99-2.49) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 4th quintile | 205.1 (202.8-207.4) | 2.15 (2.11-2.19) | 1.81 (1.77-1.84) | 1.50 (1.47-1.54) | 5.80 (5.42-6.20) | 2.60 (2.29-2.97) | 2.16 (1.89-2.47) | 2.21 (1.92-2.55) |
| 3rd quintile | 149.4 (147.5-151.4) | 1.57 (1.53-1.60) | 1.29 (1.27-1.32) | 1.22 (1.19-1.25) | 2.79 (2.53-3.06) | 1.25 (1.08-1.45) | 1.06 (0.91-1.23) | 0.99 (0.85-1.15) |
| 2nd quintile | 287.6 (285.8-289.5) | 3.01 (2.96-3.07) | 1.99 (1.95-2.03) | 1.65 (1.61-1.68) | 5.17 (4.92-5.42) | 2.32 (2.06-2.62) | 2.04 (1.80-2.33) | 1.62 (1.41-1.87) |
| 1st quintile | 504.2 (502.3-506.2) | 5.28 (5.19-5.38) | 2.04 (2.00-2.08) | 1.35 (1.31-1.38) | 7.30 (7.06-7.53) | 3.27 (2.92-3.68) | 1.84 (1.60-2.11) | 1.04 (0.87-1.24) |
| Smoking rate | ||||||||
| 1st quintile | 476.2 (473.7-478.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 6.43 (6.14-6.72) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 2nd quintile | 275.4 (273.2-277.5) | 0.58 (0.57-0.58) | 1.01 (1.00-1.02) | 1.26 (1.24-1.28) | 4.27 (4.01-4.55) | 0.66 (0.61-0.72) | 1.05 (0.96-1.15) | 1.05 (0.94-1.17) |
| 3rd quintile | 246.8 (244.9-248.7) | 0.52 (0.51-0.52) | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) | 1.79 (1.75-1.83) | 4.47 (4.22-4.73) | 0.70 (0.65-0.75) | 1.32 (1.20-1.45) | 1.98 (1.71-2.30) |
| 4th quintile | 336.8 (334.4-339.2) | 0.71 (0.70-0.71) | 1.19 (1.17-1.20) | 2.05 (2.00-2.10) | 6.75 (6.41-7.10) | 1.05 (0.98-1.12) | 1.39 (1.29-1.50) | 1.65 (1.39-1.95) |
| 5th quintile | 272.1 (270.1-274.2) | 0.57 (0.57-0.58) | 1.38 (1.36-1.39) | 1.63 (1.60-1.66) | 5.41 (5.12-5.70) | 0.84 (0.78-0.90) | 1.45 (1.33-1.58) | 1.54 (1.33-1.78) |
| Obesity rate | ||||||||
| 1st quintile | 205.1 (203.1-207.2) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 4.45 (4.16-4.76) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 2nd quintile | 467.1 (465.1-469.1) | 2.28 (2.25-2.30) | 0.86 (0.85-0.87) | 0.92 (0.90-0.93) | 7.10 (6.85-7.35) | 1.59 (1.48-1.72) | 0.84 (0.76-0.92) | 0.88 (0.78-0.99) |
| 3rd quintile | 335.1 (333.2-337.1) | 1.63 (1.62-1.65) | 1.12 (1.11-1.14) | 0.99 (0.98-1.01) | 5.05 (4.81-5.30) | 1.13 (1.05-1.23) | 0.97 (0.89-1.06) | 0.84 (0.77-0.93) |
| 4th quintile | 148.3 (146.2-150.4) | 0.72 (0.71-0.74) | 0.79 (0.77-0.80) | 0.91 (0.89-0.93) | 2.53 (2.27-2.83) | 0.57 (0.50-0.65) | 0.56 (0.49-0.63) | 0.71 (0.61-0.81) |
| 5th quintile | 213.3 (211.1-215.5) | 1.04 (1.03-1.05) | 0.89 (0.88-0.90) | 0.93 (0.91-0.95) | 5.47 (5.12-5.84) | 1.23 (1.12-1.35) | 1.03 (0.93-1.14) | 1.17 (1.01-1.34) |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; RR, rate ratio.
a
Incidence rate ratio and mortality rate ratio were calculated using Poisson regression models with log(population) as the offset.
b
Model 1 is controlled for each socioeconomic characteristic.
c
Model 2 is controlled for each socioeconomic characteristic and prefecture-level characteristics (percentage of the older adult population, population density, and number of acute care hospital beds per population).
d
Model 3 is controlled for each socioeconomic characteristic (only for household crowding, smoking rate, and obesity rate), prefecture-level characteristics (percentage of the older adult population, population density, and number of acute care hospital beds per population), and other socioeconomic characteristics (household income adjusted by regional price parities, Gini coefficient, the proportion of the population receiving public assistance, educational attainment, and unemployment rate).