Table 3.
Summary of HPV vaccine efficacy and effect of co-factors on HPV-related clinical endpoints.
| Primary prevention method | Endpoint | Effect (%, 95% CI) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| HPV VACCINE * | |||
| (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine | CIN2-3 associated with HPV 16/18 [mean follow-up (f/u): 34.9 months] | 92.9 (96.1% CI: 79.9–98.3) | (23) |
| Quadrivalent vaccine (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18) | CIN1-3 or adenocarcinoma in situ associated with HPV 6, 11, 16, 18 (mean f/u: 36 months) | 100.0 (95% CI: 94.0–100.0) | (25) |
| CIN 2 or 3, adenocarcinoma in situ, or cervical cancer related to HPV 16 or 18 (mean f/u: 36 months) | 98.0 (95.89% CI: 86.0–100.0) | (26) | |
| Nonavalent vaccine (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58)† | CIN 2 or 3, adenocarcinoma in situ, invasive cervical carcinoma, and vulvar disease related to HPV 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 (up to 6 years) | 97.4 (95% CI: 85.0–99.9) | (27) |
| High-grade cervical, vulvar, or vaginal disease related to HPV-31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 (up to 54 months) | 96.7 (95% CI: 80.9–99.8) | (28) | |
| VOLUNTARY MEDICAL MALE CIRCUMCISION | |||
| HPV prevalence risk ratios among women partners 24 months after intervention | 0.72 (95% CI: 0.60–0.85) | (43) | |
| Incidence rate ratio of hrHPV‡ | 0.77 (95% CI: 0.63–0.93) | (43) | |
| TOBACCO USE § | |||
| Odds ratio of hrHPV infection at baseline | 1.60 (95% CI: 1.20–2.10) | (46) | |
| Odds ratio of CIN2-3 at baseline | 1.80 (95% CI: 1.30–2.50) | (46) | |
| Risk ratio of incident hrHPV infection | 1.40 (95% CI: 1.00–1.90) | (46) | |
| Risk ratio of incident CIN2-3 | 3.60 (95% CI: 1.50–8.60) | (46) | |
| CONDOM USE ¶ | |||
| Percent reduction of incident genital HPV infection | 70.0% (95% CI: 40.0–90.0) | (45) | |
| VAGINAL DYSBIOSIS | |||
| Risk ratio of incident HPV infection | 1.35 (95% CI: 1.18–1.50) | (19) | |
| Risk ratio of HPV persistence | 1.14 (95% CI: 1.01–1.28) | (19) | |
| Risk ratio of high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion/squamous cell changes | 2.01 (95% CI: 1.40–3.01) | (19) | |
*
Indicates vaccine efficacy.
†
The results for HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 not included in the table because of wide confidence intervals containing 0.
‡
HPV 6, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68.
§
Comparing current smokers to never smokers.
¶
Comparing condom use 100% of the time during 8 months to those whose partners used condoms <5% of the time among women who had never had vaginal intercourse or had first had intercourse with one male partner within the previous 3 months of the study.