TABLE 1.

Effects of Phi on enhancement on plant growth and physiological and biochemical attributes of different plants grown under different pathogen stressed.

Effect of Phi	Plant species, organism	References
Diseases suppression in plants	Incidence of diseases caused by Phytophthora spp., Verticillium spp., Fusarium spp., Armillaria luteobubalina, and Plasmoparaviticola is controlled by Phi treatment in host plants; Phi suppressed P. infestans, F. solani, and R. solani inoculation in Solanum tuberosum. Phi alleviated apical necrosis in Mangifera indica caused by P. syringae. Plants also revealed a delay in senescence after the Phi application.	Mohammadi et al. (2020); Borza et al. (2019); Ramezani et al. (2018); Lobato et al. (2008); and Torés Montosa (2006)
Phi-enhanced plants to Pi starvation	Phi enhanced the expression of Pi starvation-induced gene expression, improving the growth and defense system in tomato plants. Phi applied to Pi-sufficient white lupin elicited a complete Pi starvation response (PSR) by (enhancing root development and enzyme activity alleviation) whereas application of Phi to Pi-deficient plants enhanced PSR. Phi enhanced the PSR in Pi-deficient turnip.	Vinas et al. (2020); Gilbert et al. (2000); and Carswell et al. (1997)
Prevention of Pi uptake	Phi boosted Pi absorption by root protection in Hakea sericea.	Sousa et al. (2007)
Decrease pollen fertility and seed germination	Phi application decreased pollen fertility and seed germination in a concentration-dependent manner in several plants. Fosetyl-Al on field-treated apple, pear, and cherry orchards has been revealed to be very effective on flowering the year following treatment, and a positive effect was noticed both on the number and quality of flower buds.	Eshraghi et al. (2011) and Peyrard et al. (2015)
Improved phytoalexin and phenolic accumulation	Foliar application of Phi enhanced phytoalexin and phenolic stimulation by 12–24 h in potato slices after inoculation with P. infestans. Phi caused defense response and an accumulation of ROS and ethylene in pepper after pathogen challenged by P. capsici. Phi treatment reduced Sclerotinia sclerotiorum lesion development in common bean and was associated with triggered ROS and MDA accumulation and increase in host defense enzymes and limitation of pathogen growth.	Mohammadi et al. (2019); Liu et al. (2016); and Fagundes-Nacarath et al. (2018)
Improved hypersensitive reaction	Phi application increased high accumulation of plant defense response system on suppression of pathogens in apple after apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) after infection.	Felipini et al. (2016)
Prevention of the plant’s root elongation	Phi prevents root elongation under Pi stress in A. thaliana.	Varadarajan et al. (2002)
Inhibition of pathogen growth and development	Inhibited growth of the pathogen in vitro culture, enhanced vesicle formation within hypha, and inhibited zoosporogenesis in Phytophthora spp. Phi setback development in nematode species. Phi inhibited growth in vitro in Verticillium spp. Phi caused stunted growth under suboptimal also optimal Pi absorption in maize. Phi increased growth, fruit quality, and production in strawberries.	Belhaj (2017); Oka et al. (2007); Borza et al. (2019); Schroetter et al. (2006); and Estrada-Ortiz et al. (2011)
Phytotoxicity	The side effects of Phi are phytotoxic symptoms in several plant species including foliar necrosis, defoliation, abnormalities growth, chlorosis, reduced root growth, at high-dosage rates, and plant death.	Scott et al. (2016) and Shearer et al. (2006)