Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of responders and non-responders according to stroke phase.
| Subacute phase | Chronic phase | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Responder (n = 25) | Non-responder (n = 61) | Responder (n = 12) | Non-responder (n = 46) |
| Demographic characteristic | ||||
| Age, years | 56.3 (12.2) | 54.7 (14.0) | 57.3 (13.6) | 56.0 (12.9) |
| Sex, male | 19 (76.0) | 38 (62.3) | 10 (83.3) | 35 (76.1) |
| Female | 6 (24.0) | 23 (37.7) | 2 (16.7) | 11 (23.9) |
| Time since onset, days | 91.8 (44.0) | 110.1 (34.0) | 280.3 (64.9) | 417.3 (228.4) |
| Stroke subtype, ischemic | 14 (56.0) | 30 (49.2) | 4 (33.3) | 23 (50) |
| Lesion, cortical | 1 (4.0) | 3 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.1) |
| Subcortical | 19 (76.0) | 40 (65.5) | 10 (83.3) | 30 (65.2) |
| Combined | 5 (20.0) | 18 (29.5) | 2 (16.7) | 15 (32.7) |
| Hemiplegic side, right | 14 (56.0) | 26 (42.6) | 5 (41.7) | 22 (47.8) |
| Clinical measure | ||||
| FMA-UE | 20.5 (7.9) | 20.4 (8.7) | 20.2 (9.5) | 18.9 (9.3) |
| MAS | 0.9 (0.9) | 1.1 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.78) | 1.5 (0.8) |
| HMS | 2.6 (1.3) | 2.1 (0.9) | 3.0 (1.8) | 2.2 (0.7) |
| Robotic kinematic measure | ||||
| Smoothness | 0.425 (0.072) | 0.421 (0.070) | 0.460 (0.063) | 0.440 (0.068) |
| Reach error | 0.064 (0.058) | 0.061 (0.0445) | 0.062 (0.060) | 0.062 (0.052) |
| Path error | 0.031 (0.025) | 0.027 (0.017) | 0.026 (0.026) | 0.028 (0.023) |
| Independence | 0.548 (0.179) | 0.526 (0.167) | 0.538 (0.134) | 0.538 (0.188) |
Values are the mean (standard deviation) for continuous data, and the number (percentage) for categorical data.
FMA-UE, Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity; MAS, Modified Ashworth Scale; HMS, Hand Movement Scale.