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. 2021 Jul 1;12:703972. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.703972

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Copyright © 2021 Chávez and Tse

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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ROS production originates from various locations throughout the cell. Superoxide is generated within the mitochondrial matrix (A) or by membrane bound NADPH oxidases (B). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) located within the mitochondrial matrix (A), within the cytoplasm (C), or extracellularly (D) will convert superoxide into hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) (C). Hydrogen peroxide is able to act as signaling molecule within the cell or extracellular due to its ability to diffuse across the cell membrane (E). Glutathione (GSH), located throughout the cytoplasm, will regulate hydrogen peroxide levels by converting hydrogen peroxide into water (F).