TABLE 1.

List of C. jejuni effector proteins which influence immune signaling and viability of IECs

C. jejuni protein(s)	Influence on epithelial cells
Cia proteins	CCV formation, MAPK/ERK signaling activation, and IL-8 secretion
CDT proteins	Cell cycle arrest, cell distension, and cell swelling; apoptosis; villous widening during IBD formation; and DNA damage
Cas9 nuclease	DNA damage, apoptosis, and NF-κB signaling upregulation
HtrA serine protease	Occludin and claudin-8 tight junction cleavage; possible upregulation of MCP-1, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-13, and IL-1β; and epithelial cell adherence