Table 1.
Sample characteristics of VBM and fMRI studies in IGD and ADHD group.
| References | Age group | Patients | Controls | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (% male) | Mean age, y | Number (% male) | Mean age, y | ||
| 1. VBM studies in IGD | |||||
| Du et al. (36) | Adolescents | 25 (100) | 17.28 | 27 (100) | 17.48 |
| Han et al. (37) | Adults | 20 (100) | 20.90 | 18 (100) | 20.90 |
| He et al. (21) | Adults | 26 (77) 20 | 20.69 | 26 (77) | 20.46 |
| Jin et al. (38) | Adults | 25 (64) 16 | 19.12 | 21 (67) | 18.76 |
| Ko et al. (39) | Adults | 20 (100) | 21.70 | 20 (100) | 22.40 |
| Lee et al. (22) | Adults | 30 (100) | 23.57 | 30 (100) | 24.23 |
| Lee et al. (29) | Adults | 31 (100) | 24.00 | 30 (100) | 23.00 |
| Lin et al. (40) | Adults | 20 (100) | 23.90 | 20 (100) | 22.70 |
| Mohammadi et al. (41) | Adults | 35 (100) | 22.20 | 36 (100) | 22.28 |
| Seok and Sohn (42) | Adults | 29 (100) | 23.60 | 29 (100) | 22.70 |
| Sun et al. (43) | Adults | 18 (83) 15 | 20.50 | 21 (86) | 21.95 |
| Weng et al. (44) | Adolescents | 17 (24) 4 | 16.25 | 17 (12) | 15.54 |
| Yoon et al. (45) | Adults | 19 (100) | 22.90 | 25 (100) | 25.40 |
| Zhou et al. (46) | Adolescents | 18 (89) 16 | 17.23 | 15 (87) | 17.81 |
| 2. VBM studies in ADHD | |||||
| Ahrendts et al. (47) | Adults | 31 (65) | 31.20 | 31 (65) | 31.50 |
| Amico et al. (48) | Adults | 20 (75) | 33.60 | 20 (75) | 34.70 |
| Bonath et al. (49) | Adolescents | 18 (x) | 13.60 | 18 (x) | 14.10 |
| Bralten et al. (50) | Adolescents | 307 (68) | 17.06 | 196 (49) | 16.66 |
| Gehricke et al. (51) | Adults | 32 (81) | 25.31 | 40 (83) | 23.93 |
| He et al. (52) | Children | 37 (100) | 9.90 | 35 (100) | 10.70 |
| Jagger et al. (53) | Children | 41 (x) | 9.61 | 32 (x) | 9.66 |
| Kappel et al. (54) | Adults | 16 (94) | 23.50 | 20 (100) | 23.70 |
| Children | 14 (71) | 9.80 | 10 (80) | 11.00 | |
| Sutcubasi et al. (55) | Adolescents | 19 (74) | 10.32 | 18 (67) | 10.17 |
| Klein et al. (56) | Adults | 25 (36) | 66.90 | 34 (18) | 68.90 |
| Kobel et al. (57) | Adolescents | 14 (x) | 10.43 | 12 (x) | 10.92 |
| Kumar et al. (58) | Children | 18 (100) | 9.60 | 18 (100) | 9.70 |
| Li et al. (59) | Adolescents | 30 (100) | 10.30 | 30 (100) | 10.30 |
| Lim et al. (60) | Adolescents | 29 (100) | 13.80 | 29 (x) | 14.40 |
| Almeida Montes et al. (61) | Adults | 20 (50) | 28.95 | 20 (50) | 27.57 |
| Moreno-Alcázar et al. (62) | Adults | 44 (66) | 31.61 | 44 (66) | 32.57 |
| Ramesh and Rai (63) | Adolescents | 15 (27) | 16.80 | 15 (27) | 16.72 |
| Roman-Urrestarazu et al. (64) | Adults | 49 (65) | 22.23 | 34 (57) | 22.95 |
| Seidman et al. (65) | Adults | 74 (x) | 37.30 | 54 (x) | 34.30 |
| Sethi et al. (66) | Adults | 30 (63) | 33.70 | 30 (63) | 32.60 |
| Shimada et al. (67) | Adolescents | 17 (88) | 10.29 | 15 (73) | 12.80 |
| van Wingen et al. (68) | Adults | 14 (100) | 32.00 | 15 (100) | 37.00 |
| Vilgis et al. (69) | Adolescents | 33 (100) | 12.58 | 31 (100) | 12.75 |
| Villemonteix et al. (70) | Adolescents | 38 (58) | 10.40 | 25 (60) | 10.10 |
| Wang et al. (71) | Adolescents | 30 (63) | 10.60 | 25 (48) | 10.60 |
| Zhao et al. (72) | Adolescents | 36 (x) | 12.14 | 36 (x) | 11.69 |
| 3. fMRI studies in IGD | |||||
| Chiao et al. (73) | Adults | 15 (100) | 24.70 | 15 (100) | 24.47 |
| Chun et al. (74) | Adolescents | 16 (100) | 13.60 | 19 (100) | 13.37 |
| Dieter et al. (75) | Adults | 15 (87) | 28.7 | 17 (76) | 24.94 |
| Ding et al. (13) | Adolescents | 17 (82) | 16.40 | 17 (82) | 16.29 |
| Dong et al. (76) | Adults | 18 (100) | 21.00 | 19 (100) | 21.00 |
| Dong et al. (76) | Adults | 27 (x) | 21.00 | 43 (x) | 21.47 |
| Dong et al. (77) | Adults | 16 (100) | 21.40 | 15 (100) | 22.10 |
| Dong et al. (78) | Adults | 14 (100) | 23.40 | 13 (100) | 24.10 |
| Dong and Potenza (79) | Adults | 20 (100) | 21.30 | 16 (100) | 21.90 |
| Dong et al. (80) | Adults | 15 (100) | 21.60 | 15 (100) | 22.40 |
| Han et al. (81) | Adolescents | 15 (100) | 14.20 | 15 (100) | 14.00 |
| Kim et al. (82) | Adolescents | 13 (x) | 14.50 | 10 (x) | 14.20 |
| Ko et al. (83) | Adults | 15 (100) | 24.70 | 15 (100) | 24.47 |
| Ko et al. (84) | Adults | 26 (100) | 24.60 | 23 (100) | 24.35 |
| Lee et al. (85) | Adults | 24 (100) | 24.80 | 24 (100) | 24.3 |
| Lee et al. (86) | Adolescents | 18 (18) | 13.60 | 18 (100) | 13.40 |
| Lemenager et al. (87) | Adults | 16 (88) | 28.30 | 17 (76) | 24.94 |
| Lin et al. (88) | Adults | 19 (100) | 22.20 | 21 (100) | 22.80 |
| Liu et al. (2) | Adults | 39 (100) | 22.60 | 23 (100) | 23.09 |
| Liu et al. (89) | Adults | 11 (100) | 23.50 | 11 (100) | 22.45 |
| Liu et al. (90) | Adults | 41 (100) | 21.90 | 27 (100) | 22.74 |
| Lorenz et al. (91) | Adults | 8 (100) | 25.00 | 9 (100) | 24.80 |
| Ma et al. (92) | Adults | 29 (100) | 22.60 | 23 (100) | 23.09 |
| Qi et al. (93) | Adolescents | 23 (100) | 17.30 | 24 (100) | 17.42 |
| Qi et al. (94) | Adolescents | 24 (100) | 17.20 | 24 (100) | 17.42 |
| Shin et al. (95) | Adults | 20 (x) | 22.10 | 21 (x) | 22.14 |
| Sun et al. (20) | Adults | 10 (100) | 20.40 | 10 (100) | 20.30 |
| Wang et al. (96) | Adults | 20 (100) | 21.00 | 20 (100) | 21.95 |
| Zhang et al. (97) | Adults | 19 (100) | 22.20 | 21 (21) | 22.80 |
| Zhang et al. (98) | Adults | 40 (100) | 22.00 | 19 (100) | 22.89 |
| 4. fMRI studies in ADHD | |||||
| Cubillo et al. (99) | Adults | 11 (100) | 29.00 | 10 (100) | 28.00 |
| Dibbets et al. (100) | Adults | 15 (100) | 28.90 | 14 (100) | 28.80 |
| Kooistra et al. (101) | Adults | 11 (100) | 21.50 | 11 (100) | 22.30 |
| Passarotti et al. (102) | Adolescents | 11 (55) | 13.10 | 15 (47) | 14.13 |
| Cubillo et al. (103) | Adults | 11 (100) | 29.00 | 15 (100) | 28.00 |
| Rubia et al. (104) | Adolescents | 12 (100) | 13.00 | 13 (100) | 13.00 |
| Rubia et al. (105) | Adolescents | 12 (100) | 13.00 | 13 (100) | 13.00 |
| Spinellli et al. (106) | Adolescents | 13 (69) | 10.60 | 17 (47) | 10.50 |
| Ma et al. (107) | Children | 15 (53) | 9.82 | 15 (53) | 9.91 |
| Sebastian et al. (108) | Adults | 20 (55) | 33.30 | 24 (46) | 30.30 |
| Siniatchkin et al. (109) | Children | 17 (82) | 9.30 | 14 (71) | 9.10 |
| Bhaijiwala et al. (110) | Adolescents | 12 (100) | 13.80 | 12 (100) | 15.40 |
| Chantiluke et al. (111) | Adolescents | 18 (100) | 13.40 | 25 (100) | 14.30 |
| Cubillo et al. (112) | Adolescents | 19 (100) | 13.00 | 29 (100) | 13.00 |
| Schulz et al. (113) | Adults | 14 (100) | 23.30 | 14 (100) | 22.80 |
| Chen et al. (114) | Adults | 29 (100) | 24.90 | 25 (100) | 25.64 |
| Janssen et al. (115) | Adolescents | 21 (90) | 10.60 | 17 (76) | 10.28 |
| Rasmussen et al. (116) | Adults | 25 (68) | 24.60 | 12 (50) | 24.10 |
| Van Rooij et al. (117) | Adolescents | 185 (70) | 17.30 | 124 (44) | 16.50 |
| Ma et al. (118) | Adolescents | 25 (76) | 15.40 | 33 (67) | 15.30 |
| Zamorano et al. (119) | Adolescents | 17 (100) | 11.60 | 17 (100) | 11.70 |
| Fan et al. (120) | Adolescents | 27 (89) | 12.10 | 27 (70) | 13.00 |
| Shang et al. (121) | Adults | 25 (56) | 28.50 | 30 (50) | 28.17 |
| Thormton et al. (122) | Adolescents | 20 (90) | 12.40 | 20 (40) | 10.55 |
| Materna et al. (123) | Adults | 30 (63) | 31.40 | 35 (54) | 28.89 |
| Mehren et al. (124) | Adults | 20 (100) | 31.40 | 20 (100) | 29.50 |
| Yang et al. (125) | Adults | 20 (45) | 26.90 | 20 (40) | 27.70 |
| Ariadna et al. (126) | Adolescents | 18 (67) | 10.30 | 14 (64) | 11.12 |
| Pretus et al. (127) | Adults | 21 (52) | 36.50 | 24 (50) | 34.33 |
WHO, Children:1-9y; Adolescents, 10-19y; Adults, >19y.