Table 3.
Meta-analysis results for voxel-based morphometry studies in IGD and ADHD.
| Contrast | MNI coordinates | SDM Z score | P-value | Voxels number | Jack-knife sensitivity | Brodmann areas | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X | Y | Z | ||||||
| 1. VBM RESULTS | ||||||||
| 1) IGD decreased vs. control | ||||||||
| L ACC/R ACC/L SFG/R MCC/L MCC/R SMA/L SMA/R SFG | 0 | 40 | 12 | −2.636 | 0.000005186 | 2,107 | 14 out of 14 | 32, 24, 10, 11, 6 |
| R putamen/R striatum | 28 | 0 | −4 | −2.277 | 0.000072241 | 392 | 14 out of 14 | 48 |
| L MFG/L IFG | −42 | 34 | 18 | −1.742 | 0.001615345 | 99 | 11 out of 14 | 45, 46 |
| R IFG | 50 | 32 | 18 | -1.599 | 0.003282249 | 20 | 11 out of 14 | 45 |
| 2) ADHD decreased vs. control | ||||||||
| L ACC/L SFG/R SFG/R ACC/L olfactory cortex/R olfactory cortex/L median cingulate/L caudate/L striatum/R striatum/R MCC/L median network/R gyrus rectus/L gyrus rectus | 4 | 24 | – | −3.037 | 0.000361264 | 1,849 | 25 out of 27 | 10, 11, 24, 25, 32 |
| L precentral gyrus/L postcentral gyrus | −40 | −6 | 54 | −2.248 | 0.000743151 | 176 | 26 out of 27 | 6 |
| R OFC/R DLSFG | 26 | 68 | −2 | −2.381 | 0.000407696 | 92 | 26 out of 27 | 11 |
| L OFC | −24 | 16 | −24 | −2.222 | 0.000830889 | 55 | 25 out of 27 | 38 |
| 3) IGD (vs. control) vs. ADHD (vs. control) | ||||||||
| IGD (vs. control) decreased vs. ADHD (vs. control) | ||||||||
| R striatum | 28 | −4 | −10 | 1.958 | 0.000103235 | 24 | ||
| ADHD (vs. control) decreased vs. IGD (vs. control) | ||||||||
| L caudate nucleus | −12 | 8 | 6 | 1.626 | 0.000030994 | 89 | ||
| 2. fMRI RESULTS | ||||||||
| 1) IGD increased vs. control | ||||||||
| L precuneus/R precuneus/R MCC/L MCC/R PCC/L PCC | −4 | −58 | 38 | 2.253 | 0.000139356 | 1,185 | 30 out of 30 | 7, 23 |
| R IFG/R precentral gyrus | 50 | 12 | 16 | 2.454 | 0.000015497 | 808 | 30 out of 30 | 6, 44, 45, 48 |
| L angular gyrus/L MTG/L MOG | −42 | −64 | 28 | 2.098 | 0.000376761 | 465 | 30 out of 30 | 19, 39 |
| L precentral gyrus/L IFG | −48 | 8 | 30 | 2.167 | 0.000232220 | 189 | 28 out of 30 | 6, 44 |
| R caudate nucleus | 10 | 8 | 18 | 1.819 | 0.001832068 | 33 | 24 out of 30 | 25 |
| IGD decreased vs. control | ||||||||
| R precentral gyrus/R MFG/R postcentral gyrus | 42 | −10 | 48 | −1.489 | 0.000092924 | 831 | 27 out of 30 | 3, 4, 6 |
| R insula/R Rolandic operculum | 34 | −20 | 18 | −1.391 | 0.000175476 | 295 | 28 out of 30 | 48 |
| L precentral gyrus | −38 | −24 | 68 | −1.209 | 0.000547051 | 111 | 28 out of 30 | 4, 6 |
| 2) ADHD increased vs. control | ||||||||
| R MFG/R DLSFG | 18 | 48 | 28 | 1.166 | 0.000392199 | 103 | 27 out of 29 | 9, 46 |
| R ACC | 12 | 42 | 22 | 1.158 | 0.000030994 | 52 | 28 out of 29 | 32 |
| ADHD decreased vs. control | ||||||||
| R precentral/R postcentral gyrus | 30 | −24 | 54 | −3.584 | ~0 | 813 | 29 out of 29 | 2, 3, 4, 6 |
| L STG/L insula/L OFC | −46 | 12 | 20 | −3.167 | 0.000113547 | 286 | 28 out of 29 | 38, 47 |
| R STG/R MTG | 56 | −40 | 10 | −3.172 | 0.000113547 | 147 | 28 out of 29 | 22, 42 |
| L DLSFG/L MFG | −24 | 38 | 36 | −3.246 | 0.000072241 | 55 | 28 out of 29 | 9, 46 |
| 3) IGD (vs. control) vs. ADHD (vs. control) | ||||||||
| ADHD (vs. control) decreased vs. IGD (vs. control) | ||||||||
| L MCC | −2 | −6 | 32 | −3.534 | 0.000010312 | 254 | 23, 24 | |
| R STG | 52 | −40 | 12 | −2.987 | 0.000836074 | 88 | 41, 42 | |
| R caudate nucleus | 10 | 8 | 20 | −3.392 | 0.000046432 | 57 | ||
| L MFG | −20 | 46 | 32 | −2.925 | 0.001109600 | 20 | 9 | |
| IGD (vs. control) decreased vs. ADHD (vs. control) | ||||||||
| Null | ||||||||
| 4) Multimodal analysis in IGD | ||||||||
| VBM increased and fMRI increased | ||||||||
| R MOG/angular gyrus | 38 | −70 | 36 | 1 | 456 | 7, 19, 39 | ||
| R precuneus | 8 | −56 | 34 | 1 | 258 | 23 | ||
| VBM decreased and fMRI increased | ||||||||
| L ACC/SFG | 4 | 16 | 22 | 1 | 832 | 24,32 | ||
| R IFG | 50 | 24 | 24 | 1 | 445 | 45,48 | ||
| VBM decreased and fMRI decreased | ||||||||
| Insula/putamen | 36 | −8 | 4 | 1 | 240 | 48 | ||
| 5) Multimodal analysis in ADHD | ||||||||
| VBM increased and fMRI increased | ||||||||
| R fusiform gyrus | 34 | −8 | −28 | 1 | 39 | 20 | ||
| VBM decreased and fMRI increased | ||||||||
| R MCC | 4 | 24 | 32 | 1 | 1,315 | 24 | ||
| R SFG(OFC) | 4 | 38 | −14 | 1 | 766 | 11 | ||
| R STG | 62 | −12 | 4 | 1 | 376 | 22 | ||
| R MOG | 40 | −82 | 6 | 1 | 229 | 19 | ||
| VBM decreased and fMRI decreased | ||||||||
| R STG | 58 | −42 | 16 | 1 | 660 | 42 | ||
| L IFG | −30 | 16 | −24 | 1 | 543 | 38 | ||
| L postcentral gyrus | −50 | −14 | 46 | 1 | 222 | 4 | ||
ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; DL, dorsolateral; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; L, Left; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; MCC, median cingulate cortex; MFG, middle frontal gyrus; MOG, middle occipital gyrus; MTG, middle temporal gyrus; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; R, Right; SDM, seed-based d mapping; SMA, supplementary motor area; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; STG, superior temporal gyrus.