Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants.
| NW group (n = 14) |
Walking group (n = 19) |
Control group (n = 11) |
Group difference |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P-value | |
| Age (year) | 73.2 | 2.1 | 74.5 | 4.4 | 76.2 | 3.5 | 0.13 |
| MVPA (min/week) | 120.2 | 80.0 | 187.5 | 91.9 | 152.8 | 129.9 | 0.18 |
| TMIG-IC score (point) | 12.1 | 1.4 | 12.2 | 1.0 | 12.5 | 0.9 | 0.60 |
| Dominant hand grip strength (kg) | 22.4 | 5.0 | 22.6 | 4.4 | 22.4 | 4.6 | 0.99 |
| Maximal walking speed (m/s) | 2.0 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.00 |
| Single leg stance test (s) | 49.6 | 20.8 | 42.9 | 22.8 | 36.9 | 20.2 | 0.35 |
| Timed Up and Go test (s) | 5.0 | 0.8 | 5.9 | 1.3 | 5.4 | 0.9 | 0.07 |
| MoCA-J score (point) | 24.9 | 3.3 | 25.5 | 2.9 | 26.6 | 3.0 | 0.38 |
| Delta TMT (s) | 87.8 | 85.0 | 61.1 | 41.2 | 115.4 | 117.9 | 0.21 |
| n | % | n | % | n | % | P-value | |
| Educational attainment (<13 years) | 8 | 57.1 | 6 | 31.6 | 3 | 27.3 | 0.11 |
| Mental health (poor) | 1 | 7.1 | 6 | 31.6 | 3 | 27.3 | 0.19 |
Notes: Differences between groups in baseline characteristics were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance and chi-square test.
Abbreviations: NW; Nordic walking, SD; Standard deviation, MVPA; Moderate to vigorous physical activity, TMIG-IC; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence score, MoCA-J score; Montreal Cognitive Assessment score, TMT; Trail making test.