Table 3.
Comparison of the effects on physical and cognitive function between the three groups.
| NW - Walking |
NW - Control |
Walking - Control |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difference | 95% Cl | Adjusted P-value | Difference | 95% Cl | Adjusted P-value | Difference | 95% Cl | Adjusted P-value | ||||
| MVPA (min/week) | −2.7 | −63.6 | 58.3 | 0.93 | 59.6 | −9.7 | 128.9 | 0.09 | 62.3 | 2.6 | 122.0 | 0.04 |
| Dominant hand grip strength (kg) | 0.6 | −1.0 | 2.2 | 0.48 | 1.0 | −0.9 | 2.9 | 0.30 | 0.4 | −1.6 | 2.4 | 0.86 |
| Maximal walking speed (m/sec) | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | <0.01 | 0.1 | −0.1 | 0.3 | 0.40 | −0.1 | −0.3 | 0.1 | 0.31 |
| Single leg stance test (sec) | −4.4 | −12.2 | 3.5 | 0.27 | −7.6 | −16.7 | 1.4 | 0.10 | −3.3 | −11.3 | 4.6 | 0.42 |
| Timed Up and Go test (sec) | −0.01 | −0.52 | 0.50 | 0.99 | −0.06 | −0.64 | 0.53 | 0.97 | −0.05 | −0.59 | 0.49 | 0.97 |
| MoCA-J score (points) | 0.6 | −0.8 | 2.0 | 0.40 | 1.0 | −0.7 | 2.7 | 0.25 | 0.4 | −1.0 | 1.8 | 0.59 |
| Delta TMT (sec) | −33.4 | −82.9 | 16.2 | 0.19 | −35.9 | −93.8 | 22.0 | 0.22 | −2.5 | −55.4 | 50.4 | 0.93 |
Notes: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted. Age, educational attainment, and the baseline value of each dependent variable were adjusted. Difference indicates that the difference of least square means between groups based on ANCOVA. Adjusted P-values indicate the multiplicity-adjusted P-values based on Tukey's method.
Abbreviations: NW; Nordic walking group, MVPA; Moderate to vigorous physical activity, MoCA-J score; Montreal Cognitive Assessment score, TMT; Trail making test.