Table 4.
Comparison of the effects on physical and cognitive function between the three groups (sub-group analysis).
| NW - Walking |
NW - Control |
Walking - Control |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difference | 95% Cl | Adjusted P-value | Difference | 95% Cl | Adjusted P-value | Difference | 95% Cl | Adjusted P-value | ||||
| MVPA (min/week) | 14.3 | −53.6 | 82.2 | 0.68 | 61.7 | −16.3 | 139.7 | 0.12 | 47.4 | −16.5 | 111.1 | 0.15 |
| Dominant hand grip strength (kg) | 2.0 | 0.2 | 3.9 | 0.03 | 2.0 | −0.2 | 4.1 | 0.08 | −0.1 | −1.8 | 1.7 | 0.99 |
| Maximal walking speed (m/sec) | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.6 | <0.01 | 0.2 | −0.1 | 0.5 | 0.23 | −0.1 | −0.4 | 0.1 | 0.41 |
| Single leg stance test (sec) | −2.7 | −12.5 | 7.1 | 0.59 | −5.4 | −16.9 | 6.0 | 0.35 | −2.8 | −12.2 | 6.7 | 0.57 |
| Timed Up and Go test (sec) | 0.10 | −0.40 | 0.60 | 0.89 | 0.03 | −0.51 | 0.57 | 0.99 | −0.06 | −0.53 | 0.41 | 0.95 |
| MoCA-J score (points) | 1.7 | 0.1 | 3.2 | 0.04 | 1.7 | −0.2 | 3.5 | 0.08 | 0.0 | −1.6 | 1.6 | 1.00 |
| Delta TMT (sec) | −51.5 | −108.1 | 5.2 | 0.08 | −46.1 | −115.3 | 23.2 | 0.19 | 5.4 | −55.8 | 66.6 | 0.86 |
Notes: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted. The model included individuals in the NW group who performed NW more than once a week, and individuals in either the walking or control groups who performed any type of physical exercise more than once a week (NW: n = 8, Walking: n = 17, Control: n = 9). Age, educational attainment, and the baseline value of each dependent variable were adjusted. Difference indicates that the difference of least square means between groups based on ANCOVA. Adjusted P-values indicate multiplicity-adjusted P-values based on Tukey's method.
Abbreviations: MVPA; Moderate to vigorous physical activity, MoCA-J score; Montreal Cognitive Assessment score, TMT; Trail making test.