Table 1.

Summary of randomized controlled trials on interventions for maltreatment exposed youth

Citation	Age group	Special populations	Intervention	Condition	Outcomes
Ahmad et al., (2007)	6–16 years	Norway, Sweden	EMDR	Waitlist control	↓ Scores PTSS-C: PTSD symptom subscale, re-experiencing and avoidance subscales
Ahrens & Rexford (2002)	Adolescents	Incarcerated and/or conduct disorders	CPT	Waitlist control	↓ Anxiety, depression, intrusions, avoidance, numbing
Auslander et al., (2017)	12–18 years	Girls in child welfare	GAIN-CBITS	Treatment as usual	↓ Number of girls with PTSD and depression ↑ Social problem-solving skills
Cohen & Mannarino, (1998b)	3–7 years	Sexually abuse	SAS-CBT	Non-directive supportive therapy	↓ Sexually inappropriate and externalizing behavior, PTSD symptoms
Cohen et al., (2004)	8–14 years	Sexual abuse	TF-CBT	Child-centered therapy	↓ Behavioral problems, shame-related attributions ↑ PTSD and depression symptom reduction
Crooks et al., (2011)	14–15 years	Violent delinquency	Fourth R	Health class	↓ Delinquency
Damra et al., (2014)	Not specified; children	Jordan: children with abuse histories	TF-CBT	Waitlist control	↓ PTSD, depression symptoms
Deblinger et al., (2011)	4–11 years	Sexual abuse	TF-CBT ± trauma narrative	8 or 16 weeks of TF-CBT; with or without trauma narrative component	↓ Abuse-related fear and anxiety ↑ Personal safety skills; effective regardless of trauma narrative
Deblinger et al., (2001)	2–8 years	Sexually abused children + non-offending mother	CBT	Supportive therapy	↑ Knowledge of body safety
Fantuzzo et al., (1996)	3–5 years	Project Head Start; socially withdrawn children with physical abuse and neglect histories	RPT	Waitlist control	↓ Solitary play ↑ Positive peer interactions
Farkas et al., (2010)	Not specified; adolescents	–	EMDR	Treatment as usual	↓ PTSD symptoms, behavioral problems
Foa et al., (2013)	Not specified; adolescents	Sexual abuse	PE	Supportive counseling	↓ PTSD symptom severity, depression ↑ Global functioning
Ford et al., (2012)	13–17 years	Girls involved in delinquency	TARGET	Enhanced treatment as usual	↓ Re-experiencing, avoidance, anxiety, posttraumatic cognitions ↑ Emotion regulation
Jee et al., (2015)	14–21 years	–	Mindfulness	Treatment as usual	↑ Stress management skills, self-awareness
Jensen et al., (2014)	10–18 years	–	TF-CBT	Treatment as usual	↓ Posttraumatic stress, functional impairment ↑ General mental health
Kim & Leve (2011)	12–17 years	Substance use and delinquency in girls in foster care	Middle school success	Treatment as usual	↓ Substance use, internalizing and externalizing behaviors ↑ Prosocial skills
King et al.,(2000)	5–17 years	Sexual abuse	CBT (individual or family)	Waitlist control	↓ PTSD, anxiety, fear ↑ Global functioning = Parent or individual CBT
McMullen et al., (2013)	13–17 years	Democratic Republic of Congo: child soldiers and other war-affected youth	TF-CBT	Waitlist control	↓ Posttraumatic stress symptoms, overall distress, depression, anxiety, conduct problems ↑ Prosocial behavior
Murray et al., (2015)	5–18 years	Zambia: orphans	TF-CBT	Treatment as usual	↓ Trauma symptom score, overall functioning
O’Callaghan et al., (2015)	13–17 years	Democratic Republic of Congo: child soldiers and other war-affected youth	TF-CBT	Child friendly spaces (non-trauma-focused intervention) or waitlist control	Both: ↓ Posttraumatic stress, internalizing symptoms, conduct problems, prosocial behavior
O’Callaghan et al., (2013)	12–17 years	Democratic Republic of Congo: sexually exploited girls	TF-CBT	Waitlist control	↓ Posttraumatic stress symptoms, psychosocial difficulties
Poulton et al.,(2014)	13–17 years	Delinquent girls in foster care	TFCO	Group care	↓ Symptoms of psychosis
Rahman et al., (2018)	11–12 years	Pakistan	Forgiveness therapy	Treatment as usual	↓ Anger ↑ Levels of hope and forgiveness
Scheeringa et al., (2011)	3–6 years	Heterogeneous maltreatment histories	TF-CBT	Waitlist Control	↓ PTSD, depression, social anxiety disorder symptoms
Smith et al., (2010)	12–17 years	Chronic delinquency	TFCO	Group care	↓ Drug and substance use
Swart & Apsche, (2014)	14–17 years	Conduct and personality disorders	MDT	CBT	↓ Anger, internalizing and externalizing behaviors
Swenson et al., (2010)	10–17 years	–	MST-CAN	Enhanced outpatient treatment	↓ Psychopathology (anxiety, depression, anger, dissociation, posttraumatic stress), parent emotional distress, negative parenting behavior, changes in youth placement ↑ Social support for parents
Taussig & Culhane, (2010)	9–11 years	Foster care	Fostering healthy futures	Treatment as usual	↓ Dissociative symptoms ↑ Quality of life, positive coping skills, social acceptance, self-worth
Thomas & Zimmer-Gembeck, (2012)	3–9 years	–	PCIT	Waitlist control	↓ Internalizing and externalizing behaviors, stress ↑ Positive parenting verbalizations

CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; CPT, cognitive processing therapy; EMDR, eyemovement desensitization and reprocessing; GAIN–CBITS, Girls Aspiring towards independence–Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools; MDT, mode deactivation therapy; MST-CAN, multisystemic therapy for child abuse and neglect; PCIT, parent–child interaction therapy; PE, prolonged exposure therapy; RPT, resilient peer treatment; SAS-CBT, sexual-abuse-specific cognitive behavioral therapy; STAIR, Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation; TARGET, Trauma Affective Regulation: Guide for Education and Therapy; TF-CBT, trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy; TFCO, Treatment Foster Care Oregon