Table 1.
Population characteristics (n = 10,481,566)
| Covariate | Category | N (proportion) or median (IQR) |
|---|---|---|
| Individual covariates | ||
| Age | 53 (23) | |
| Sex | male | 5,109,777 (0.49) |
| female | 5,371,789 (0.51) | |
| Marital status | married | 6,385,590 (0.61) |
| widowed | 821,282 (0.08) | |
| divorced | 1,147,403 (0.11) | |
| single | 2,127,291 (0.20) | |
| Region of origin | Morocco | 163,553 (0.02) |
| Turkey | 197,937 (0.02) | |
| Suriname | 199,253 (0.02) | |
| Antilles Netherlands | 67,021 (0.01) | |
| Other non-western | 325,276 (0.03) | |
| western | 1,026,870 (0.10) | |
| Netherlands | 8,501,656 (0.81) | |
| Standardized household income | < 1% | 53,471 (0.01) |
| 1–5% | 135,758 (0.01) | |
| 5–10% | 335,972 (0.03) | |
| 10–25% | 1,280,658 (0.12) | |
| 25–50% | 2,555,622 (0.25) | |
| 50–75% | 2,810,407 (0.27) | |
| 75–90% | 1,813,078 (0.18) | |
| 90–95% | 633,437 (0.06) | |
| 95–99% | 517,220 (0.05) | |
| > 99% | 128,445 (0.01) | |
| Area-level SES covariates | ||
| Composite SES 4 digit postal code | Based on education, income and paid occupation (year = 2011–2014) | 0.3 (1.3) |
| Mean income neighborhood | Mean income per income recipient *€ 1000 (year = 2010) | 29.3 (5.4) |
| Unemployment rate neighborhood | Number of people with income support per 1000 inhabitants of 15–64 years (year = 2010) | 25.0 (10.0) |
| Percentage non-western immigrants neighborhood | Percentage non-western immigrants (year = 2010) | 7.0 (11.0) |
| Mean income region | Mean income per income recipient *€ 1000 (year = 2010) | 34.1 (2.6) |
| Unemployment rate region | Number of people with income support per 1000 inhabitants of 15–64 years (year = 2010) | 24.5 (7.3) |
| Percentage non-western immigrants region | Percentage non-western immigrants (year = 2010) | 8.4 (5.9) |
| Mortality outcomes | ||
| Non-accidental mortality | 776,021 (0.07) | |
| Circulatory disease mortality | 215,018 (0.02) | |
| Ischemic heart disease mortality | 49,530 (0.00) | |
| Cerebrovascular disease mortality | 52,276 (0.00) | |
| Respiratory disease mortality | 69,401 (0.01) | |
| COPD mortality | 37,203 (0.00) | |
| Lung cancer mortality | 59,837 (0.01) | |
| Neurodegenerative disease mortality | 90,587 (0.01) | |
| Dementia mortality | 57,122 (0.01) | |
| Exposures | ||
| NDVI 300 m (unitless) | 0.52 (0.14) | |
| TOP10NL 300 m (proportion) | 0.18 (0.23) | |
| NDVI 1000 m (unitless) | 0.55 (0.14) | |
| TOP10NL 1000 m (proportion) | 0.34 (0.31) | |
| NO2 (µg/m3) a | 26.3 (8.3) | |
| PM2.5 (µg/m3) a | 16.8 (1.4) | |
| BC (10–5/m) a | 1.3 (0.3) | |
| PM10 (µg/m3) b | 24.5 (1.3) | |
| PMcoarse (µg/m3) b | 8.1 (0.8) | |
| OPDTT (nmol DTT/min/m3) b | 1.2 (0.3) | |
| OPESR (A.U./1000/m3) b, c | 0.9 (0.2) | |
| Road traffic noise (Lden, dB) | 53.5 (7.5) | |
| Rail-traffic noise (Lden, dB) | 30.7 (9.4) | |
a Estimated with the average of the national LUR, Europe-wide hybrid and national dispersion models. NO2 = nitrogen dioxide, PM2.5 = particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm, BC = Black carbon
b Estimated with a national LUR model, PM10 = particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm, PMcoarse = particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter between 10 and 2.5 µm, OPESR = Oxidative Potential electron spin resonance, OPDTT = Oxidative Potential dithiothreitol
c A.U. = arbitrary unit