The optimised design of AO cell for commercial fabrication in economical scale-up (a). Ti implants like Ti screw can be anodised simultaneously via cascaded anode. The anodised Ti screw appears to have dense & homogenous surfaces (b), facile fabrication of both nano-(c)/micro-(d) structured morphologies, which have high biocompatibility and mechanical stability. (with permission, images/micrographs were taken and reillustrated from [53, 59, 69, 290, 334]).