Table 1.
Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics, Overall and by Treatment Groupa
| Measure | Entire sample (n=30) | MOREb (n = 15) | TAUc (n = 15) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female, n (%) | 15 (50) | 8 (53) | 7 (47) |
| Age, m ± sd | 50.4 ± 8.8 | 47.9 ± 8.7 | 52.9 ± 8.4 |
| Racial/ethnic background, n (%)d | |||
| Black/African American | 16 (53) | 7 (47) | 9 (60) |
| White | 11 (37) | 7 (47) | 4 (27) |
| Hispanic | 6 (20) | 3 (20) | 3 (20) |
| Education, high school graduate or more, n (%) | 21 (70) | 10 (67) | 11 (73) |
| Unemployed, n (%) | 25 (83) | 12 (80) | 13 (87) |
| Primary pain condition, n (%)d | |||
| Low back pain | 16 (53) | 8 (53) | 8 (53) |
| Arthritis | 12 (40) | 6 (40) | 6 (40) |
| Migraine | 5 (17) | 2 (13) | 3 (20) |
| Other | 4 (13) | 2 (13) | 2 (13) |
| Taking over-the-counter or prescribed pain medication | 8 (27) | 3 (20) | 5 (33) |
| Illicitly used in the past 30 days, n (%) | |||
| Heroin | 20 (67) | 9 (60) | 11 (73) |
| Morphine | 2 (7) | 1 (7) | 1 (7) |
| Cocaine/crack | 7 (23) | 4 (27) | 3 (20) |
| Opioid pain medication (e.g., codeine, oxycodone) | 4 (13) | 1 (7) | 3 (20) |
| Benzodiazepines | 11 (37) | 7 (47) | 4 (27) |
| Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate) | 4 (13) | 3 (20) | 1 (7) |
| Marijuana | 7 (24) | 4 (27) | 3 (20) |
| Sedatives/sleeping pills | 5 (17) | 3 (20) | 2 (13) |
| Other (e.g., hallucinogens, methamphetamine) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Number of days of illicit use in past 30 days, m ± sd | |||
| Heroin | 9.1 ± 11.3 | 6.4 ± 9.2 | 11.7 ± 12.8 |
| Morphine | 0.6 ± 2.3 | 0.7 ± 2.6 | 0.5 ± 2.1 |
| Cocaine/crack | 3.6 ± 8.7 | 2.7 ± 8.0 | 4.5 ± 9.8 |
| Opioid pain medication (e.g., codeine, oxycodone) | 0.3 ± 0.7 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.8 |
| Benzodiazepines | 4.9 ± 9.2 | 6.3 ± 10.5 | 3.4 ± 7.9 |
| Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate, amphetamine) | 2.3 ± 7.6 | 4.3 ± 10.5 | 0.2 ± 0.8 |
| Marijuana | 1.3 ± 3.7 | 1.1 ± 2.0 | 1.5 ± 4.9 |
| Sedatives/sleeping pills | 2.7 ± 7.7 | 2.3 ± 7.2 | 3.0 ± 8.4 |
| Total number of days of drug use in past 30 days, m ± sd | 24.6 ± 23.7 | 24.0 ± 17.4 | 25.20 ± 29.3 |
| Methadone dose, m ± sd | 89.5 ± 26.3 | 91.9 ± 25.6 | 87.0 ± 27.7 |
| Number of years on methadone, m ± sd | 2.8 ± 6.5 | 1.7 ± 2.2 | 4.0 ± 9.1 |
| Anxiety,e m ± sd | 40.7 ± 13.2 | 41.7 ± 14.5 | 39.7 ± 12.3 |
| Depression,f m ± sd | 25.4 ± 14.2 | 27.2 ± 15.3 | 23.5 ± 13.4 |
| Health and functioning,g m ± sd | |||
| Pain | 32.9 ± 25.6 | 28.3 ± 27.6 | 37.5 ± 23.5 |
| Physical functioning | 46.8 ± 28.6 | 47.9 ± 8.7 | 47.9 ± 8.7 |
| Physical limitations | 32.5 ± 40.0 | 23.3 ± 33.4 | 41.7 ± 45.0 |
| Emotional limitations | 43.3 ± 46.4 | 33.3 ± 43.6 | 53.3 ± 48.5 |
| Vitality | 43.8 ± 23.8 | 40.0 ± 26.7 | 47.7 ± 20.6 |
| Well-being | 56.7 ± 28.6 | 52.5 ± 29.5 | 60.8 ± 28.0 |
| Social functioning | 54.6 ± 34.7 | 45.8 ± 38.0 | 63.3 ± 20.4 |
| General Health | 41.4 ± 22.4 | 40.5 ± 25.0 | 42.3 ± 27.7 |
a
No statistically significant differences existed between-groups on any baseline variables.
b
MORE = Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement
c
TAU = Treatment as Usual
d
Participants could report more than one category.
e
Measured with the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Higher scores indicate greater symptoms of anxiety.
f
Measured with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Higher scores indicate greater symptoms of depression.
g
Measured with subscales of the RAND 36-Item Short Form Health Survey. Higher scores indicate better functioning, health, and well-being and less pain, limitations, and symptom severity or interference.