Table 1.
Occurrence of 3-MCPD esters, 2-MCPD esters, and glycidyl esters in various foodstuffs.
| Foodstuff | n | 3-MCPD esters, μg/kg, mean, (min-max) | 2-MCPD esters, μg/kg, mean, (min-max) | glycidyl esters, μg/kg, mean, (min-max) | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baby food/infant formula | 14 | (62–588) | – | – | Zelinková et al. (2008) |
| 13 | 5.6 (3.7–65.0) | 2.3 (1.3–29.0) | 1.1 (0.6–31.2) | Nguyen & Fromberg (2020) | |
| 70 | 108 (108–109) | 44 (31–58) | 87 (80–94) | EFSA (2016) | |
| 40 | 150 (ND-600) | – | 220 (ND-750) | (Adriana Pavesi Arisseto, Silva, et al., 2017) | |
| 88 | 185 (0–316) | 41 (0–52) | – | Wang et al. (2016) | |
| 55 | 54 (3–119) | – | 13 (1–50) | Spungen et al. (2018) | |
| 5 | (ND-138) | (ND-45) | (ND-56) | (K. M. Goh et al., 2019a, Goh et al., 2019b) | |
| Fish oil supplement | 5 | (1500–5500) | – | – | Jędrkiewicz et al. (2016) |
| Margarine | 5 | (1300–7300) | (630–1700) | – | Jędrkiewicz et al. (2016) |
| 5 | (1355–3831) | (310–2082) | (1199–4899) | (K. M. Goh et al., 2019a, Goh et al., 2019b) | |
| 1 | 1766 | 732 | 3893 | (Kok Ming Goh et al., 2019) | |
| 170 | 408 (406–409) | 159 (152–166) | 361 (358–364) | EFSA (2016) | |
| Refined vegetable fats and oil Palm oil/olein (RBD) | 4 | 2670 (1490–5930) | – | – | Zulkurnain et al. (2012) |
| 501; 55; 498 | 2912 | 1565 (1563–1566) | 3955 (3954–3955) | EFSA (2016) | |
| 6200* (total MCPD) | 18600 | Haines et al. (2011) | |||
| 1 | 3749 | 1932 | 6610 | (Kok Ming Goh et al., 2019) | |
| 1 | 2584 | 1640 | 4848 | (K. M. Goh et al., 2019a, Goh et al., 2019b) | |
| 324 | (<250–5770) | – | – | (Abd. Razak et al., 2012) | |
| 5 | 4140 (1400–8430) | – | 6030 (1880–9530) | (S. MacMahon et al., 2013) | |
| ≥20 | 3200 (1100–10000) | (200–5900) | 3700 (300–18000) | Kuhlmann (2011) | |
| Palm shortening | 4 | (ND-6200)* | (50–15500) | Haines et al. (2011) | |
| Olive oil (general) | 9 | 48 (48–49) | 86 (85–88) | 15 (0–31) | EFSA (2016) |
| Olive oil (refined) | 5 | 56 (15–73) | – | 48 (48–1100) | (S. MacMahon et al., 2013) |
| 5 | (<300–2462) | Zelinkova et al. (2006) | |||
| Soya bean oil | ≥20 | 200 (100–500) | (ND-100) | 300 (100–600) | Kuhlmann (2011) |
| Olive oil (unrefined) | 1 | ND | ND | ND | (K. M. Goh et al., 2019a, Goh et al., 2019b) |
| 5 | 5 (ND-25) | – | ND | (S. MacMahon et al., 2013) | |
| 4 | ND (<100-<300) | – | – | Zelinkova et al. (2006) | |
| Peanut oil (refined) | 1 | 656 | 537 | 656 | (K. M. Goh et al., 2019a, Goh et al., 2019b) |
| 3 | 49 (14–69) | – | 49 (44–57) | (S. MacMahon et al., 2013) | |
| 4 | (100–900) | (100–400) | (400–1100) | Kuhlmann (2011) | |
| Miscellaneous products Chocolate products | 5 | (122–1254) | (144–878) | (119–1166) | (K. M. Goh et al., 2019a, Goh et al., 2019b) |
| Potato chips | 3 | (6–11) | – | – | Chung et al. (2008) |
| Prawn crackers | 3 | (25–33) | – | – | Bognár et al. (2020) |
| Breaded pork | 1 | 93.6 | – | – | |
| Breaded chicken liver | 1 | 70.2 | – | – | |
| French fries | 8 | 57 (51–63) | 23 (19–28) | 41 (40–41) | EFSA (2016) |
| Bakery wares White bread | 3 | (8–13) | – | – | Chung et al. (2008) |
| Cereal bread | 3 | (11–13) | – | – | |
| Paper wrapper cake | 3 | (4–8) | |||
| Egg tart | 3 | (8–14) | – | – | |
| Bread and bread rolls | 75 | 29 (23–36)* | (14 (9.8–19) | 51 (50–510) | EFSA (2016) |
Notes: n = number of samples reported, ND = non detected (based on reported literature), “<” indicate the mentioned digits was below limit of detection or limit of quantification, * indicated a total MCPD esters was reported, “- “indicated particular data was not reported by cited reference(s).