Table 3.

Association of adverse pregnancy outcome among gestational diabetes mellitus with IOM guideline on total GWG

	Within (n = 560)	Below (n = 545)			Above (n = 501)
	n(%) (Reference)	n (%)	crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	n (%)	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Caesarean delivery	235(42.0)	199(36.5)	0.80(0.62–1.01)	0.79(0.61–1.01)	247(49.3)	1.35(1.06–1.71)a	1.34(1.04–1.72)b
HDP	36(6.4)	25(4.6)	0.70(0.41–1.18)	0.63(0.406–1.11)	65(13.0)	2.17(1.15–3.32)b	2.00(1.28–3.12)b
preeclampsia	15(2.7)	11(2.0)	0.80(0.35–1.85)	0.83(0.35–1.97)	33(6.6)	2.30(1.17–4.53)b	2.06(1.01–4.21)b
PROM	263(47.0)	278(51.0)	1.18(0.93–1.49)	1.17(0.92–1.48)	147(29.3)	0.47(0.36–0.61)a	0.46(0.36–0.60)b
Postpartum hemorrhage	50(8.9)	58(10.6)	1.22(0.82–1.81)	1.24(0.83–1.85)	43(8.6)	0.96(0.63–1.47)	0.90(0.58–1.40)
Fetal distress	164(29.3)	152(27.9)	0.93(0.72–1.21)	0.93(0.72–1.22)	138(27.5)	0.92(0.71–1.20)	0.94(0.71–1.23)
Preterm birth	89(15.9)	138(25.3)	2.39(1.63–2.42)a	1.96(1.44–2.38)a	34(6.8)	0.39(0.25–0.58)a	0.35(0.23–0.44)a
Macrosomia	90(16.1)	33(6.1)	0.34(0.22–0.55)a	0.35(0.23–0.53)a	123(24.6)	1.70(1.25–2.30)a	1.55(1.13–2.13)b
SGA	41(7.3)	59(10.8)	1.43(1.23–1.69)a	1.32(1.11–1.50)b	21(4.2)	0.66(0.51–0.87)b	0.89(0.69–1.09)
LGA	126(22.5)	73(13.4)	0.47(0.35–0.68)a	0.54(0.42–0.72)a	183(36.5)	3.04(2.12–4.25)a	2.82(1.94–3.23)a

Multivariate analyses were adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal education, IVF, FPG, 2-h blood glucose. The results were presented with an adjusted odds ratio, aOR (95% CI);

IOM, Institute of Medicine; GWG, gestational weight gain; HDP, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; PROM, premature rupture of the membranes; SGA, small for gestational age; LGA, large for gestational age; OR odds ratio; CI, Confidence interval

^aP < 0.01

^bP < 0.05,compared with the within IOM guideline subjects