Table 5.

Association of adverse pregnancy outcome among gestational diabetes mellitus with IOM guideline on rate of GWG in third trimester of pregnancy

	Within (n = 258)	Below (n = 242)			Above (n = 238)
	n(%) (Reference)	n (%)	crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	n (%)	crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Caesarean delivery	90(37.0)	87(36.0)	0.85(0.74–1.23)	0.90(0.66–1.01)	122(51.3)	1.56(1.25–2.56)a	1.48(1.16–2.34)b
HDP	11(5.3)	9(4.0)	0.70(0.41–1.18)	0.63(0.41–1.11)	34(15.6)	2.27(1.15–3.32)b	1.93(1.08–2.98)b
preeclampsia	5(1.9)	5(2.1)	1.15(0.69–1.47)	1.07(0.60–1.32)	24(10.1)	2.30(1.47–4.53)b	2.17(1.35–4.37)b
PROM	127(49.2)	121(50.0)	1.08(0.87–1.39)	1.01(0.92–1.30)	73(30.8)	0.57(0.41–0.79)b	0.51(0.40–0.66)b
Postpartum hemorrhage	23(8.9)	22(9.0)	1.15(0.67–1.79)	1.08(0.62–1.71)	23(9.6)	1.35(0.75–1.77)	1.27(0.63–1.59)
Fetal distress	75(29.1)	68(28.1)	0.95(0.74–1.32)	0.94(0.70–1.25)	69(29.0)	0.99(0.83–1.21)	0.98(0.81–1.18)
Preterm birth	40(15.5)	78(32.2)	1.74(1.43–2.16)a	1.52(1.12–2.05)b	9(4.2)	0.42(0.33–0.64)a	0.51(0.37–0.72)b
Macrosomia	45(17.4)	14(5.7)	0.47(0.31–0.67)a	0.52(0.39–0.63)a	65(27.3)	2.19(1.65–2.83)a	2.02(1.51–2.64)a
SGA	18(6.9)	30(12.4)	1.32(1.23–1.84)b	1.21(1.10–1.69)b	9(3.7)	0.74(0.48–0.95)b	0.86(0.52–1.27)
LGA	62(24.0)	31(12.8)	0.56(0.42–0.71)	0.67(0.55–0.79)	100(42.0)	1.97(1.58–2.73)a	1.79(1.51–2.54)a

Multivariate analyses were adjusted for for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal education, IVF, FPG, 2-h blood glucose. The results were presented with an adjusted odds ratio, aOR (95% CI);

IOM, Institute of Medicine; GWG, gestational weight gain; HDP, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; PROM, premature rupture of the membranes; SGA, small for gestational age; LGA, large for gestational age; OR odds ratio; CI, Confidence interval

^aP < 0.01

^bP < 0.05,compared with the within IOM guideline subjects