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. 2021 Jul 15;19:211. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00902-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Schematic illustrations of active and passive GBN targeting. Targeting ligands on GBNs are directly attached to a site-specific receptor that is overexpressed on the surface of breast cancer cells or tumor vessels, and the targeting effects of GBNs are then achieved by utilizing receptor-mediated endocytosis and the EPR effect. Abbreviations: FA, folic acid; Tf, transferrin; TfR, Tf receptor; AptMUC1, MUC1-binding aptamer; TRC105, monoclonal antibody that binds CD105; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; EPR, enhanced permeability and retention