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. 2021 Jul 15;19:211. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00902-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Comparison of the imaging performance of modified GQDs and commercial fluorescent dyes. Fluorescent cell imaging (coculture with cells for 4 h). A DAPI, B GQDs-PEI, and C MitoTracker. D Image showing nuclear colocalization between DAPI and GQDs-PEI. E Peak positions of DAPI and GQDs-PEI obtained with ImageJ software. (F) DAPI, G GQDs-TPP, and H MitoTracker. I Image of the nuclear colocalization between DAPI and GQDs-TPP. J Peak positions of DAPI and GQDs-TPP obtained by ImageJ software [107]. Reprinted from Materials science & engineering. C, 103, Fan Z, Nie Y, Wei Y, Zhao J, Liao X, Zhang J, Facile and large-scale synthesis of graphene quantum dots for selective targeting and imaging of cell nucleus and mitochondria, 109824, 2019, with permission from Elsevier. Abbreviations: GQDs, graphene quantum dots; PEI, polyethyleneimine; TPP, (3-carboxyl) phenyl bromide phosphine