Table 1.
Applications of GBNs in chemotherapy
| References | Type of GBN | Targeting ligands | Modification | Drugs | Properties | Cell line | Animal model | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [113] | GO | _ | A-Im | DOX | pH-dependent, up to 91% DOX loading | T47D | BALB/c mice bearing 4T1 tumors | Tumors were eliminated 10 days after intravenous injection of GO-A-Im/DOX, and no regrowth was detected |
| [114] | GO | FA, heparin | PEI, GDC0941 | DOX | Dual targeting | 4T1 | BALB/c nude mice | Both inhibited the primary tumor and suppressed pulmonary metastasis |
| [115] | GO | _ | PEG | DOX | Maximal DOX-loading rate reached, 99.6% | EMT-6 | _ | Promoted the apoptosis of tumor cells induced by DOX and increased targeting sensitivity and water solubility |
| [116] | GO | _ | _ | DOX | pH-sensitive | MCF-7/ADR | _ | Reversed drug resistance |
| [117] | GO | _ | F38, T80, MD | EA | pH-dependent | MCF-7 | _ | Enhanced the cytotoxicity of EA when loaded on functionalized GO |
| [111] | GO | _ | PEG | PTX | High PTX-loading capacity | MCF-7 | _ | Improved the bioavailability of PTX and showed increased cytotoxicity |
| [98] | GO | _ | PEG | PTX | pH-sensitive | MCF-7 | _ | Showed increased cytotoxicity |
| [45] | GO | FA | Methyl acrylate | PTX | _ | MD-MB-231 | DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma-bearing rats | Alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction in breast cancer |
| [118] | Graphene | _ | _ | GA | _ | MCF-7 | _ | Suppressed cellular integrity |
| [119] | GO | HA | Pluronic | MIT | Acid/NIR laser-triggered and accelerated the release of drugs | MCF-7/ADR cells | _ | Overcame multidrug resistance (MDR) |
| [51] | GO | Transferrin | PAH | DTX | pH-dependent | MCF-7 | _ | Effectively killed cancer cells |
| [120] | GQDs | _ | _ | MTX | _ | MCF-7 | _ | Loaded MTX showed significantly more cytotoxicity than free MTX |
| [121] | Graphene | _ | Chitosan gel | MTX | Thermosensitive | MCF-7 | Inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cells | |
| [122] | Graphene | _ | _ | MTX | _ | 4T1 | _ | Exhibited a high affinity to ctDNA at wide range of concentrations |
| [123] | GO | _ | β-CD, PVP | CPT | _ | MCF-7 | _ | Efficient CPT-loading, release and breast cancer cell-killing activity |
| [124] | GO, Porous graphene | _ | _ | Ginseno-side Rh2 | _ | MDA-MB | _ | Enhanced anticancer activity |
| [8] | GO | _ | _ | FU | GO | MCF-7 | _ | Increased the cytotoxicity of FU |
| [87] | GO | L-arginine | _ | FU | Controlled release at pH 5.4 | MCF-7 | _ | Enhanced the loading and release efficiency of 5-FU |
| [125] | GO | FA | Sulfonic acid groups | DOX, CPT | Targeted delivery | MCF-7 | _ | Overcame drug resistance |
| [40] | rGO | _ | PF-127 | Curcumin, PTX | High loading capacity | MDA-MB-231 | _ | Showed high potency against MDA cells |
| [126] | GO | FA | Chitosan | CPT, DIM | Controlled release | MCF-7 | Female albino Wistar rats | Showed synergistic anticancer effects and covered the toxicity of CPT |
| [127] | GQDs | Herceptin | β-CD, PEG | DOX, Herceptin | Dual pH- and GSH- responsive | SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-231 | Xenotransplantation of human breast cancer cells in mice | Significant inhibition of tumor growth |
| [52] | GO | Transferrin | _ | Pt | pH-responsive drug release | MCF-7 | _ | Exhibited increased anticancer efficacy |
| [128] | GO | _ | _ | Pt | _ | MCF-7 | _ | Increased the accumulation of Pt in breast cancer cells |
Dox, doxorubicin; EA, ellagic acid; PTX, paclitaxel; CPT, camptothecin; GA, gambogic acid; PAH, poly(allylamine hydrochloride); DTX, docetaxel; MIT, mitoxantrone; MTX, methotrexate; FU, fluorouracil; Pt; platinum; A-Im,1-(10- bromoanthracene-9-yl)-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid; GDC0941, a phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt phosphorylation inhibitor; F38, Pluronic F38; T80, Tween 80; MD, maltodextrin; PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone; β-CD, β-cyclodextrin; PF-127, an amphiphilic polymer