Table 2.

Applications of GBNs in gene-based therapy

References	Type of GBN	Targeting ligands	Modification	Gene	Properties	Cell line	Results
[151]	GO	_	PEI	siRNA	_	MDA-MB-231	Suppressed the gene expression and metastatic potential of breast cancer cells
[152]	GO	_	CPPs, PL-PEG	siRNA	_	MCF-7	Showed significant cell death
[153]	GO	P-L-Arg	Au	miRNA-101	Gene release was improved by NIR thermal therapy	MCF-7, MDA	Reduced the viability of MCF-7 cell lines
[154]	GO	P-L-Arg	PEG	miR-101	Higher miRNA payload, selective transfection	MCF-7, MDA-MB-231	Autophagy was downregulated, and the apoptosis cascade was activated
[155]	GO	_	Hap, ganciclovir	HSV-TK	Tumor-specific promoters	MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MCF-10A	Induced the apoptosis of breast cancer cells and inhibited their growth
[156]	GO	_	PEG-diamine, R8	siRNA and pDNA	Superior internalization efficacy of 85%	MCF-7, MDA-MB-231	Protected siRNA and pDNA against enzyme degradation
[139]	GO	_	_	MDR1 beacon, ETS1 beacon	_	MCF-7/Adr	Reversed MDR
[150]	GO	_	PAMAM, PEG	siRNA	pH-triggered release of siRNA	MDA-MB-231	Effectively silenced genes with high transfection efficiency

PEI, polyethylenimine; siRNA, small interfering RNA; CPPs, cell penetrating peptide; PL-PEG, a phospholipid-based amphiphilic polymer; Au, gold; P-L-Arg, poly-L-arginine; miR-101, microRNA-101; PEG, polyethylene glycol; HSV-TK, herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene; Hap, hydroxyapatite; PEG-diamine, aminated-polyethylene glycol; R8, octaarginine; MDR1, multidrug resistance 1; ETS1, erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1; PAMAM, polyamidoamine; GPD, hybrid vector consisting of GO, PAMAM and PEG