Table 3.
Application of GBNs in phototherapy
| References | Type of GBN | Targeting ligands | Modification | Treatment | Properties | Cell line | Animal model | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [160] | GO | _ | Gold nanostars | PTT | Low laser power | SK-BR-3 | _ | Improved the photothermal effect |
| [161] | GO | MUC1 | Apt-AuNP | PTT | Induced a transient increase in HSP70 expression | MCF-7 | _ | Inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cells |
| [162] | GO | _ | TPGS | PTT | Produced a decrease in the levels of BcL-2 and Survivin | MCF-7 | _ | Reduced the viability of breast cancer cells with no obvious effect on normal cells |
| [31] | rGO | Arg | _ | PTT | Excellent NIR absorption | MDA-MB-231 | _ | Increased cellular uptake and enhanced the photothermal effect |
| [33] | rGO | _ | pDA, AAP10 | PTT | Bystander effect | MCF-7 | Mouse 4T1 breast tumor model | Showed excellent anticancer activity |
| [163] | rGO | _ | Ag-ZnO | PTT | Low-level laser therapy | MCF-7 | _ | Showed a considerable killing effect at a low concentration and with a low-level laser |
| [164] | rGO | _ | PEG | PTT | Low toxicity | 4T1 | 4T1 tumor-bearing BALB/c | Increased tumor accumulation and enhanced the PTT effect |
| [165] | rGO | _ | Tamoxifen citrate | _ | _ | MCF-7 | Female BALB/c nude mice MCF-7 cell lines | Thermally induced necrosis of breast cancer cells |
| [166] | rGO | _ | Fe3O4 NPs, PEG | PTT, Immunotherapy | MRI-guided | 4T1 | 4T1 orthotopic mouse | Laser irradiation effectively ablated primary tumor and induced antitumor immunity |
| [167] | GO | _ | CuSQDs | PTT | Downregulated Bcl-2 expression | MCF-7 | _ | Significantly enhanced cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cell lines |
| [168] | GO | _ | Ag | PDT | _ | MCF-7 | _ | Produced significant toxic effects in MCF-7 cells |
| [169] | GO | _ | HPPH, PEG | PDT, immunotherapy | _ | _ | 4T1 murine breast cancer mode | Prevented distant metastasis |
| [170] | GO | _ | MB | PDT | _ | MDA-MB-231 | _ | Showed enhanced PDT efficiency |
| [171] | GQDs | hMSN, PEG | Chemotherapy, PDT | pH-dependent | 4T1 | Female BALB/c mice | Prolonged the retention time in tumor | |
| [172] | GQDs | _ | MB | PDT | _ | MCF-7 | _ | Showed no change in cytotoxicity or ROS production |
Apt-AuNPs, aptamer-gold nanoparticles; HSP, heat shock protein; TPGS, D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate; pDA, polydopamine; AAP10, antiarrhythmic peptide 10; CuSQDs, copper sulfide quantum dots; Ag, silver; HPPH, a photosensitizer; MB, methylene blue; hMSNs, hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles