TABLE 3.
Anti-CRC effect and mechanism of TCM extract.
| Extract type | Source | Cell lines/model | Dose | Detail | Mechanism | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aqueous extract | Galla Rhois | HT 29 cells | 20–100 μg/ml | In vitro | Inhibit lung metastasis by inducing AMPK-mediated apoptosis and suppressing metastatic properties of colorectal cancer cells | Mun et al. (2019) |
| CT 26 cells | 20–100 μg/ml | In vitro | ||||
| BALB/c mice | 200, 500 mg/kg | In vivo | ||||
| — | Ginkgo biloba | SW 480 cells | 200,500 mg/ml | In vitro | Inhibit migration and invasion, induce upregulation of LncRNA-p21 expression, and inhibit the expression of extracellular matrix protein fibronectin | Liu et al. (2017a) |
| SW 620 cells | 200,500 mg/ml | In vitro | ||||
| — | Medicinal mushroom | HCT 116 cells | 1.332–13.32 μg/ml | In vitro | Inhibit cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis, inhibit tumor growth, and inhibit VEGF and MMP-2 and MMP-9 modulation | Jakopovic et al. (2020) |
| SW 620 cells | 1.332–13.32 μg/ml | In vitro | ||||
| BALB/c mice | 400, 1,200 mg/kg | In vivo | ||||
| — | Pogostemon cablin | HT 29 cells | 5.83–93.2 μg/ml | In vitro | Decrease viability, inhibit proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and apoptosis, and suppress growth of CRC | Chien et al. (2020) |
| CT 26 cells | 5.83–93.2 μg/ml | In vitro | ||||
| BALB/c mice | 200 mg/kg | In vivo | ||||
| — | Scutellaria barbata | Nude mice | 615,1230 mg/kg | In vivo | Regulate the expressions of related proteins E-cadherin, Tspan 8 and CXCR4, and Src kinase and reduce orthotopic tumor burden | Yue et al. (2020) |
| — | Cudrania tricuspidata leaf | C57BL/6 J mice | 1.5 g/kg | In vivo | Reduce the risk of colitis-associated colon cancer via the regulation of inflammation, carcinogenesis, and compositional change of gut microbiota | Oh et al. (2020) |
| — | Solanum nigrum leaf | HT 29 cell | 0.05–5 mg/ml | In vitro | Induce autophagy via microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 A/B II accumulation and enhance cytotoxicity in tumor cells | Tai et al. (2013) |
| DLD-1 cells | 0.05–5 mg/ml | In vitro | ||||
| — | Pulsatillae Radix | SW 480 cells | 5–20 μg/ml | In vitro | Inhibit invasion and migration and block the S phase in the cell cycle | Zhang et al. (2019b) |
| Ethanol extract | Antrodia cinnamomea | HCT 116 cells HT 29 cells | 50–200 μg/ml | In vitro | Upregulate expression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker CHOP and its downstream gene TRB3 and induce autophagic cell death and dephosphorylation of Akt and mTOR. | Tsai et al. (2018) |
| SW 480 cells Caco-2 cells Colo 205 cells | 50–200 μg/ml | In vitroIn vitro | ||||
| 50–200 μg/ml | In vitro | |||||
| 50–200 μg/ml | In vitro | |||||
| 50–200 μg/ml | ||||||
| Nude mice | 100–400 mg/kg | In vivo | ||||
| — | Ampelopsis radix | HCT 116 cells SW 480 cells | 50–600 μg/ml | In vitro | Suppress STAT3 and Src phosphorylation, inhibit STAT3 nuclear localization, and downregulate the expression of STAT3 target genes Mcl-1, Bcl-xL, and MMP-2 | Su et al. (2017) |
| 50–600 μg/ml | In vitro | |||||
| — | Hedyotis diffusa Willd. | HT 29 cells | 0.5–2 mg/ml | In vitro | Downregulate the expression of leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 and decrease the proportion of SP, inhibit viability and sphere formation, induce cell morphological changes, and suppress messenger RNA expression of several critical genes | Sun et al. (2016) |
| — | Hedyotis diffusa Willd. | BABL/c mice | 6 g/kg | In vivo | Reduce tumor volume and weight, suppress STAT3 phosphorylation, alter expression pattern of target genes, and decrease cyclin D1, CDK4, and Bcl-2 | Cai et al. (2012) |
| Methanolic extract | Emilia sonchifolia | HCT 116 cells | 25–100 μg/ml | In vitro | Inhibit cell growth, induce apoptosis, promote the mitochondria-dependent and death-receptor-associated protein levels, increase ROS production, and upregulate ATM, p53, and Fas | Lan et al. (2012) |
| HT 29 cells | 25–100 μg/ml | In vitro | ||||
| SW 480 cells | 25–100 μg/ml | In vitro | ||||
| — | Artemisia absinthium | HCT 116 cells | 100–1,000 μg/ml | In vitro | Reduce viability, increase the mRNA and protein levels of Bax, decrease BCL-2, prompt cell cycle arrest, and induce apoptosis by activating the mitochondrial pathway | Nazeri et al. (2020) |
| — | Muntingia calabura L. | Wistar rats | 100, 200 mg/kg | In vivo | Cause antioxidant enzymic levels to retain near to its normal range and reduce severity of colorectal cancer | Jisha et al. (2020) |
| — | Immature fruit of Poncirus trifoliata | CT-26 cells HCT-116 cells DLD-1 cells | 1–20 µM | In vitro | Inhibit proliferation and induce autophagy and apoptosis by protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin and 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase pathways | Kim et al. (2020) |
| 1–20 µM | In vitro | |||||
| 1–20 µM | In vitro | |||||
| Chloroform extract | Hedyotis diffusa Willd. | SW 620 cells | 150–500 μg/ml | In vitro | Inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis, downregulate the survivin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin-dependent kinase 4, and Bcl-2, and upregulate Bcl-2-associated X protein | Jakopovic et al. (2020) |
| HT 29 cells | 150–500 μg/ml | In vitro | ||||
| HCT 116 cells | 150–500 μg/ml | In vitro | ||||
| HCT 8 cells | 150–500 μg/ml | In vitro | ||||
| — | Scutellaria barbata D. Don. | HCT 8 cells | 50–300 μg/ml | In vitro | Inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis, increase miR-34a expression, and decrease Bcl-2, Notch1/2, and Jagged1 expression | Zhang et al. (2017a) |
| Ethyl acetate extract | Selaginella doederleinii Hieron. | HT 29 cells | 10–200 μg/ml 12.5–200 μg/ml | In vitro | Inhibit proliferation and induce cell morphological changes, cell cycle arrest, autophagy, and apoptosis, induce loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increase the autophagic flux, raise the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, activate caspases, and inhibit growth of xenograft tumors | Li et al. (2020) |
| HCT 116 cells SW 620 cells | 12.5–200 μg/ml | In vitro | ||||
| SW 480 cells | 10–200 μg/ml | In vitro | ||||
| SW 1116 cells | 12.5–200 μg/ml | In vitro | ||||
| Nude mice | In vitro | |||||
| 100–300 mg/kg | In vivo | |||||
| Hydrophilc extract of manna | Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. | HCT 116 cells Caco-2 cells | 25–100 mg/ml | In vitro | Inhibit proliferation, cause apoptosis, increase cleaved PARP-1, caspase 3, and Bax, and decrease Bcl-2 expression | Restivo et al. (2020) |
| HT 29 cells | 25–100 mg/ml | In vitro | ||||
| 25–100 mg/ml | In vitro |