TABLE 1.

Cytokines in heart failure.

Cytokines	Functions
TNF-α✸ ✩◆ □	Induce inflammatory genes expression and apoptosis, release proinflammatory cytokines, promote adverse remodeling
Fas✸ ✩◆	Trigger programmed cell death
IL-1✸ ✩◆ □	Induce negative inotropic effect through impairing β-adrenergic responsiveness and disturbing calcium handling
ST2✸ ✩◆⊚	Negatively modulate TLR signaling, inhibit nuclear factor κB activation
IL-6✸ ✩◆ □	Pleiotropic proinflammatory responses
IL-10✸ ◆	Inhibits proinflammatory cytokines secretion, block ROS release, modulate TNF-α-mediated responses

^✸Participate in pathogenesis. ^✩Prognostic value. ^◆Identify high-risk patients. ^□Potential therapeutic target. ^⊚Diagnostic value. TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; Fas, factor associated suicide; IL-1, interleukin 1; ST2, suppression of tumorigenicity 2; TLR, toll like receptor; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-10, interleukin 10; ROS, reactive oxygen species.