Table 2.
Occurrence of 30-day events, in % (95%CI), among patients living with and without obesity in each database, by COVID-19 cohort type (diagnosed and hospitalized).
| SIDIAP (Spain) | CPRD (UK) | CUIMC (US) | IQVIA-Open Claims (US) | STARR-OMOP (US) | VA-OMOP (US) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With obesity | Without obesity | SMD | With obesity | Without obesity | SMD | With obesity | Without obesity | SMD | With obesity | Without obesity | SMD | With obesity | Without obesity | SMD | With obesity | Without obesity | SMD | |
| Patients diagnosed, n | 36 409 | 854 649 | NA | 976 | 1360 | NA | 3446 | 5073 | NA | 154 325 | 311 866 | NA | 1157 | 2171 | NA | 11 546 | 13 066 | NA |
| Hospitalization | 20.3 (19.9−20.7) | 10.3 (10.2−10.4) | 0.20 | – | – | – | 36.4 (34.8−38.0) | 20.2 (19.1−21.3) | 0.26 | 32.1 (31.9−32.3) | 25.8 (25.6−26.0) | 0.10 | 22.1 (19.7−24.5) | 15.8 (14.3−17.3) | 0.11 | 16.6 (15.9−17.3) | 12.8 (12.2−13.4) | 0.08 |
| Death | 7.1 (6.8−7.4) | 3.3 (3.3−3.3) | 0.12 | 12.3 (10.2−14.4) | 11.3 (9.6−13.0) | 0.02 | 8.0 (7.1−8.9) | 5.0 (4.4−5.6) | 0.09 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5.1 (4.7−5.5) | 4.8 (4.4−5.2) | 0.01 |
| Patients hospitalized, n | 8403 | 9794 | NA | – | – | NA | 1408 | 1192 | NA | 50 863 | 8228 | NA | 274 | 341 | NA | 2918 | 2592 | NA |
| Intensive service requirement | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.3 (1.5−3.1) | 2.0 (1.2−2.8) | 0.01 | 13.0 (12.7−13.3) | 9.7 (9.1−10.3) | 0.06 | 9.1 (5.7−12.5) | 6.2 (3.6−8.8) | 0.08 | 21.9 (20.4−23.4) | 14.5 (13.1−15.9) | 0.13 |
| Death | 13.9 (13.2−14.6) | 10.9 (10.3−11.5) | 0.06 | – | – | – | 19.5 (17.4−21.6) | 20.6 (18.3−22.9) | −0.02 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 15.9 (14.6−17.2) | 18.4 (16.9−19.9) | −0.05 |
| Cardiovascular events | ||||||||||||||||||
| Acute myocardial infarction | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.3 (0.7−1.9) | 1.1 (0.5−1.7) | 0.01 | 2.1 (2.0−2.2) | 2.2 (1.9−2.5) | −0.01 | – | – | – | 5.5 (4.7−6.3) | 6.9 (5.9−7.9) | −0.03 |
| Cardiac arrhythmia* | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9.8 (8.2−11.4) | 9.3 (7.7−10.9) | 0.01 | 13.1 (12.8−13.4) | 11.7 (11.0−12.4) | 0.03 | 16.8 (12.4−21.2) | 14.1 (10.4−17.8) | 0.05 | 33.4 (31.7−35.1) | 31.4 (29.6−33.2) | 0.03 |
| Heart failure* | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6.5 (5.2−7.8) | 3.1 (2.1−4.1) | 0.11 | 7.0 (6.8−7.2) | 5.1 (4.6−5.6) | 0.06 | 15.7 (11.4−20.0) | 9.1 (6.0− | 0.14 | 22.9 (21.4−24.4) | 17.4 (15.9−18.9) | 0.10 |
| Stroke | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.6 (1.8−3.4) | 2.5 (1.6−3.4) | 0.00 | 1.7 (1.6−1.8) | 1.9 (1.6−2.2) | −0.01 | – | – | – | 2.4 (1.8−3.0) | 4.0 (3.2−4.8) | −0.06 |
| Total cardiovascular disease events | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7.3 (5.9−8.7) | 5.9 (4.6−7.2) | 0.04 | 8.2(8.0−8.4) | 7.6 (7.0−8.2) | 0.02 | 11.7 (7.9−15.5) | 8.8 (5.8−11.8) | 0.07 | 20.6 (19.1−22.1) | 19.0 (17.5−20.5) | 0.03 |
| Thromboembolic events | ||||||||||||||||||
| Deep vein thrombosis | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.1 (1.4−2.8) | 1.8 (1.0−2.6) | 0.02 | 2.2 (2.1−2.3) | 1.7 (1.4−2.0) | 0.03 | – | – | – | 4.9 (4.1−5.7) | 3.8 (3.1−4.5) | 0.04 |
| Pulmonary embolism | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.2 (1.4−3.0) | 1.8 (1.0−2.6) | 0.02 | 1.8 (1.7−1.9) | 1.5 (1.2−1.8) | 0.03 | – | – | – | 3.8 (3.1−4.5) | 3.3 (2.6−4.0) | 0.02 |
| Other events | ||||||||||||||||||
| Acute kidney injury* | – | – | – | – | – | – | 18.1 (16.1−20.1) | 25.4 (22.9−27.9) | −0.01 | 11.1 (10.8−11.4) | 10.4 (9.7−11.1) | 0.04 | 8.4 (5.1−11.7) | 9.1 (6.0−12.2) | 0.08 | 17.1 (15.7−18.5) | 18.6 (17.1−20.1) | 0.08 |
| Acute pancreatitis | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.2 (0.2−0.2) | 0.2 (0.1−0.3) | 0.00 | – | – | – | 0.4 (0.2−0.6) | 0.7 (0.4−1.0) | −0.02 |
| ARDS* | – | – | – | – | 17.9 (15.9−19.9) | 15.2 (13.2−17.2) | 0.05 | 34.9 (34.5−35.3) | 30.5 (29.5−31.5) | 0.07 | 14.6 (10.4−18.8) | 10.0 (6.8−13.2) | 0.10 | 46.2 (44.4−48.0) | 41.0 (39.1−42.9) | 0.07 | ||
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.7 (1.0−2.4) | 1.0 (0.4−1.6) | 0.02 | 1.3 (1.2-−1.4) | 1.3 (1.1−1.5) | 0.00 | – | – | – | 3.1 (2.5−3.7) | 4.7 (3.9−5.5) | −0.06 |
| Hepatic failure | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.8 (0.3−1.3) | – | – | 0.2 (0.2−0.2) | 0.2 (0.1−0.3) | 0.00 | – | – | – | 1.6 (1.1−2.1) | 0.8 (0.5−1.1) | 0.06 |
| Sepsis* | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5.6 (4.4−6.8) | 6.0 (4.7−7.3) | −0.02 | 17.4 (17.1−17.7) | 16.2 (15.4−17.0) | 0.02 | 9.5 (6.0−13.0) | 7.9 (5.0−10.8) | 0.04 | 24.3 (22.7−25.9) | 22.0 (20.4−23.6) | 0.04 |
Notes. - data not available or below the minimum cell count required (five individuals); events marked with an * were recorded only during hospitalization. SMD < 0 means the prevalence was greater in COVID-19 patients living without obesity, SMD > 0 means the prevalence was greater in COVID-19 patients living with obesity. A SMD > |0.1| indicates a meaningful difference in the prevalence of a given condition
Abbreviations: ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, CI confidence interval, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, CPRD Clinical Practice Research Datalink, CUIMC Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NA not applicable, SIDIAP Information System for Research in Primary Care, SMD standardized mean difference, STARR-OMOP Stanford Medicine Research Data Repository, UK United Kingdom, US United States, VA-OMOP United States Department of Veterans Affairs.