Table 1.
Overview of Study Variables
| Variable (Weight) | Description | Min. | Max. | M | SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mask Wearing | .26 | .99 | .72 | .13 | |
| Health behaviors (30%) | |||||
| Smokers (10%) | Percent county adults who smoke. | 5.91 | 41.49 | 17.47 | 3.61 |
| Obesity (5%) | Percent county adults who are obese. | 12.40 | 57.70 | 32.86 | 5.45 |
| Food environment (2%) | USDA Food environment index (reverse scored) | 0.00 | 10.00 | 2.55 | 1.15 |
| Inactive (2%) | Percent county residents who are physically inactive. | 9.50 | 49.90 | 27.37 | 5.70 |
| No Access (1%) | Percent of county residents without access to physical activity. | 0.00 | 100.00 | 62.81 | 23.37 |
| Excessive drinking (2.5%) | Percent of county adults who binge or heavy drink. | 7.81 | 28.62 | 17.51 | 3.15 |
| Alcohol driving (2.5%) | Percent of driving deaths involving alcohol. | 0.00 | 100.00 | 28.33 | 15.02 |
| STI (2.5%) | Percent of residents with a sexually transmitted infection. | 35.80 | 6120.30 | 401.07 | 283.02 |
| Teen births (2.5%) | Number of births per 1000 females age 15–19. | 2.00 | 103.00 | 29.89 | 14.21 |
| Clinical Care (20%) | |||||
| Uninsured (5%) | Percent of county residents under age 65 without health insurance. | 2.26 | 33.75 | 11.48 | 5.14 |
| Primary care (3%) | Ratio of county residents to primary care physicians. | 3.67 | 46,784.00 | 2613.83 | 2386.57 |
| Dentists (1%) | Ratio of county residents to dentists. | 3.67 | 29,650.00 | 2887.22 | 2445.21 |
| Mental health (1%) | Ratio of county residents to mental health providers. | 3.67 | 24,265.00 | 1737.74 | 2357.78 |
| Preventable hospital (5%) | Hospital stays for ambulatory sensitive conditions per 100,000 county residents who are Medicare enrollees. | 536.00 | 16,851.00 | 4858.53 | 1841.55 |
| Flu (2.5%) | Percent of Medicare enrollees who did not get a flu shot. | 34.00 | 96.00 | 58.26 | 9.77 |
| Mammogram (2.5%) | Percent of women age 65 to 74 who did not receive mammogram screening. | 35.00 | 87.00 | 59.34 | 7.67 |
| Social and Economic Factors (40%) | |||||
| High school (5%) | Percent of county adults not graduating high school. | 0.00 | 74.36 | 11.26 | 7.17 |
| Some college (5%) | Percent of county residents age 25–44 without some college education | 0.00 | 84.82 | 42.11 | 11.83 |
| Unemployed (10%) | Percent county residents age 16 or older unemployed and seeking work. | 1.30 | 19.90 | 4.13 | 1.50 |
| Child poverty (10%) | Percent of county residents under age 18 living in poverty. | 2.50 | 68.30 | 21.11 | 8.90 |
| Single parent (5%) | Percent of children in the county who live in a house headed by a single parent. | 0.00 | 87.00 | 32.36 | 10.65 |
| Violent crime (2.5%) | Number of violent crime offenses per 100,000 county residents. | 0.00 | 1819.51 | 251.91 | 192.51 |
| Injury (2.5%) | Number of deaths due to injury per 100,000 county residents. | 22.00 | 320.00 | 86.91 | 25.82 |
| Physical environment (10%) | |||||
| Air pollution (2.5%) | Average daily density of fine particle matter in PM2.5 | 3.00 | 19.70 | 9.02 | 1.97 |
| Water pollution (2.5%) | Presence of water violations. | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.37 | 0.48 |
| Severe housing (2%) | Percent of households that are either overcrowded, have high housing cost, lack a kitchen or lack plumbing. | 3.22 | 70.89 | 13.87 | 4.58 |
| Drive alone (2%) | Percent of county residents who drive alone to work. | 5.00 | 96.00 | 79.64 | 7.68 |
| Long commute (1%) | Percent of county residents who drive at least 30 min to work. | 0.00 | 83.00 | 31.46 | 12.52 |
| Controls | |||||
| 65-plus | Percent of county residents age 65 or older. | 4.83 | 57.59 | 19.27 | 4.71 |
| Female | Percent of county residents who are women. | 26.84 | 56.87 | 49.89 | 2.28 |
| White | Percent of county residents who are non-Hispanic White. | 2.69 | 97.89 | 75.99 | 20.19 |
| Rural | Percent of county residents who live in a rural area. | 0.00 | 100.00 | 58.58 | 31.48 |
| Democrat | Percent of county residents who voted Democrat in the 2016 election. | 0.03 | 0.96 | 0.33 | 0.16 |