Table 3. Causal link of smoking initiation with the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related adverse outcomes.
| Outcome | Method | N of IVs | OR (95% CI) | p | p* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 susceptibility | Inverse-variance weighted | 352 | 1.15 (1.07–1.23) | 8.7×10−5 | 6.7×10−5 |
| MR-Egger | 352 | 1.11 (0.83–1.49) | 0.489 | 0.821 | |
| Weighted median | 352 | 1.18 (1.08–1.29) | 2.9×10−4 | ||
| MR-PRESSO | 352 | 1.15 (1.07–1.23) | 1.0×10−4 | 5.0×10−5 | |
| Hospitalized COVID-19 | Inverse-variance weighted | 351 | 1.32 (1.16–1.50) | 3.7×10−5 | 0.009 |
| MR-Egger | 351 | 0.78 (0.44–1.36) | 0.383 | 0.059 | |
| Weighted median | 351 | 1.37 (1.14–1.66) | 0.001 | ||
| MR-PRESSO | 351 | 1.32 (1.16–1.50) | 4.6×10−5 | 0.011 | |
| Very severe respiratory confirmed COVID-19 | Inverse-variance weighted | 352 | 1.25 (1.03–1.51) | 0.025 | 0.114 |
| MR-Egger | 352 | 0.83 (0.37–1.89) | 0.658 | 0.318 | |
| Weighted median | 352 | 1.17 (0.89–1.55) | 0.267 | ||
| MR-PRESSO | 352 | 1.25 (1.03–1.51) | 0.025 | 0.119 |
*p indicates p-value of heterogeneous from inverse-variance weighted (IVW) approach, or p-value of intercept from MR-Egger regression, or p-value from Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) global test.