Table 2.
Pre-clinical studies of MSC-derived exosomes for cardiac regeneration and repair
| No. | Authors | Year | Model | Cell source | Cell type | Size of EV | Administration | Time | Dose | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Arslan et al. | 2013 | myocardial I/R injury (mouse) | human | ESC-MSC | – | intracoronary | 5 min prior to reperfusion to 3 h after | 0.4 μg/mL | reduced MI size, decreased LV dilation, increased cardiac function, decreased ATP loss |
| 2 | Yu et al. | 2013 | myocardial I/R injury (rat) | rat | BM-MSC | average: 100 nm | intramyocardial | immediately | derived from 4 × 106 MSC | reduced CM apoptosis, improved cardiac function |
| 3 | Bian et al. | 2014 | MI (rat) | human | BM-MSC | 47–180 nm | intramyocardial | 30 min after MI | 80 μg | improved cardiac function, decreased MI size, promoted angiogenesis |
| 4 | Feng et al. | 2014 | MI (mouse) | mouse | BM-MSC | average: 57.4 nm | intramyocardial | immediately | 1 μg | decreased MI size, decreased apoptosis |
| 5 | Ma et al. | 2017 | MI (rat) | human | UC-MSC | average: 96 nm | intravenous | immediately | 400 μg | improved cardiac function, decreased apoptosis, increased angiogenesis |
| 6 | Shao et al. | 2017 | MI (rat) | rat | BM-MSC | – | intramyocardial | immediately | 20 μg | improved cardiac function, reduced MI size, decreased inflammation |
| 7 | Wang et al. | 2017 | MI (mouse) | mouse | BM-MSC | – | intravenous | immediately | – | improved angiogenesis and cardiac function |
| 8 | He et al. | 2018 | MI (mouse) | mouse | BM-MSC | – | intravenous | 48 h after MI | 20 μg | improved cardiac function, decreased apoptosis, increased angiogenesis |
| 9 | Ju et al. | 2018 | MI (mouse) | mouse | C-MSC | average: 120 nm | intramyocardial | immediately | 50 μg | improved cardiac function, increased angiogenesis |
| 10 | Luther et al. | 2018 | MI (mouse) | mouse | BM-MSC | – | pericardial sac | immediately | 12.5 μg | decreased apoptosis |
| 11 | Wang et al. | 2018 | MI (mouse) | mouse | BM-MSC | 30–150 nm | intravenous | immediately | 50 μg | improved cardiac function, increased angiogenesis, decreased MI size, decreased inflammation |
| 12 | Xiao et al. | 2018 | MI (mouse) | human | BM-MSC | – | intramyocardial | 30 min after MI | 5 μg | improved cardiac function, decreased apoptosis |
| 13 | Xu et al. | 2018 | MI (rat) | human | BM-MSC, AD-MSC, UC-MSC | BM-MSC: 40–100 nm; AD-MSC: 30–100 nm; UC-MSC: 10–90 nm | intramyocardial | 30 min after MI | derived from 1.5 × 106 MSC | improved cardiac function, decreased MI size, decreased apoptosis and inflammation |
| 14 | Ma et al. | 2018 | MI (mouse) | mouse | BM-MSC | <150 nm | intramyocardial | 1 week after MI | 600 μg | improved cardiac function, increased angiogenesis |
| 15 | Mao et al. | 2019 | MI (rat) | human | MSC | 30–150 nm | intravenous | immediately | 40 μg | decreased MI size, decreased apoptosis and inflammation |
| 16 | Ni et al. | 2019 | MI (rat) | human | UC-MSC | 40–90 nm | intramyocardial | immediately | 50 μg | improved cardiac function, decreased MI size, reduced apoptosis, increased angiogenesis |
| 17 | Lv et al. | 2019 | MI (rat) | rat | BM-MSC | average: 90 nm | intramyocardial | 30 min after MI | 80 μg | improved cardiac function, reduced MI size, decreased apoptosis and inflammation, increased angiogenesis |
| 18 | Zhao et al. | 2019 | myocardial I/R injury (mouse) | mouse | BM-MSC | 50–150 nm | intramyocardial | immediately | 50 μg | decreased MI size and inflammation |
| 19 | Liu et al. | 2020 | MI (rat) | human | BM-MSC | average: 50 nm | intramyocardial | immediately | 30 μg | improved cardiac function, decreased apoptosis |
MSC, mesenchymal stromal cell; EV, extracellular vesicle; MI, myocardial infarction; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion; ESC, embryonic stem cell; BM, bone marrow; UC, umbilical cord; AD, adipose; LV, left ventricle; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CM, cardiomyocyte.