Table 1.

Phenological stages of Korean ginseng following the BBCH scale (modified with Proctor et al, 2003). The boldfaces in this table represent the phenological codes newly updated in this study

Code	Principal growth stage	Sub-code	Secondary growth stage	Figures
0	Germination/Bud development
	Development from seed
		00	Moist seed, embryo within seed fully grown.	Fig. 1
		03	Cracked seed.	Fig. 1
		05	Radicle emerged about 2 mm from seed coat.	Fig. 1
		06	Elongation of radicle, formation of root hairs.	Fig. 1
		07	Hooked epicotyl broken through seed coat and growing towards the soil surface.	Fig. 1
		09	Emergence: hooked epicotyl breaks through the soil surface.	Fig. 1
	Development from rhizome (2nd and 6th year)
		10	Innate dormancy, perennating bud not enlarged.	Fig. 1
		13	Perennating bud swollen.	Fig. 1
		15	Hooked stem just visible outside bud scales.	Fig. 1
		16	Formation of root hairs.	NS
		17	Hooked stem with folded leaves enclosing the inflorescence fully emerged from the bud scales and growing towards the soil surface.	Fig. 1
		19	Emergence: hooked stem with folded leaves enclosing the inflorescence breaks through the soil surface.	Fig. 1
1	Leaf development
	Seedling growth
		01	Leaflets are folded; the petiole has reached 20% of the expected height; beginning of crop canopy.	Fig. 2
		05	Most leaves are unfolded; the petiole has reached 50% of the expected height.	Fig. 2
		09	All trifoliate leaves are unfolded and horizontal; the petiole has reached maximum height; crop canopy is complete.	Fig. 2
	Growth from bud (2nd and 6th year)
		11	Leaves are folded, enclosing the inflorescence; the aerial stem has reached 20% of the expected height; beginning of canopy.	Fig. 2
		15	Most leaves are unfolded; the aerial stem has reached 50% of the expected height.	Fig. 2
		19	All pentafoliate leaves are unfolded and horizontal; the aerial stem has reached maximum height; inflorescence, if present, is exposed, erect and on a short peduncle; crop canopy complete.	Fig. 2
4	Root and perennating bud formation
	Seedling growth
		00	Root initiation: swelling and elongation of the radicle to form a taproot.	Fig. 2
		03	30% of expected yearly root weight reached; perennating bud 30% of the expected length.	NS
		07	70% of expected yearly root weight reached; perennating bud 70% of the expected length.	Fig. 2
		09	Maximum yearly root growth reached; perennating bud has reached the maximum length	Fig. 2
	Root growth of 2nd and 6th year
		10	Decrease of root weight to form the crop canopy.	Fig. 2
		13	30% of expected yearly root weight reached; perennating bud 30% of the expected length.	Fig. 2
		17	70% of expected yearly root weight reached; perennating bud 70% of the expected length.	Fig. 2
		19	Maximum yearly root growth reached; perennating bud has reached the maximum length.	Fig. 2
5	Peduncle elongation and inflorescence development
		01	Peduncle has reached about 10% of its expected length and inflorescence about 10% of its respected diameter.	Fig. 2
		05	Peduncle has reached about 50% of its expected length and inflorescence about 50% of its respected diameter.	Fig. 2
		09	Peduncle has reached maximum height and inflorescence its maximum diameter.	Fig. 2
6	Flowering and fruit set
		00	First open flowers.	Fig. 3
		01	Beginning of flowering: 10% of the flowers in the inflorescence open.	Fig. 3
		05	Full flowering: 35% of the flowers in the inflorescence open, 15% of fruit set.	Fig. 3
		07	Most petals have fallen, 75% of fruit set.	Fig. 3
		09	End of flowering in the inflorescence, most fruit set.	Fig. 3
7	Development of fruit based on seed head diameter
		00	First berries visible.	Fig. 3
		01	10% of the berries have reached full size.	NS
		05	50% of the berries have reached full size.	NS
		09	90% of the berries have reached full size, seed head of maximum diameter.	Fig. 3
8	Ripening of fruit based on fruit color
	Red-fruit landrace
		00	All fruits are green.	Fig. 3
		01	Beginning of fruit reddening.	Fig. 3
		05	50% of fruit red.	NS
		07	70% of fruit red.	Fig. 3
		09	Fully ripe fruits, beginning of fruit abscission.	Fig. 3
	Yellow-fruit landrace
		10	All fruit green.	Fig. 3
		11	Beginning of fruit yellowish.	NS
		15	50% of fruit yellow.	Fig. 3
		17	70% of fruit yellow.	Fig. 3
		19	Fruit fully ripe, beginning of fruit abscission.	Fig. 3
9	Senescence
	Yellowing fall foliage
		02	Beginning of leaf yellowing.	Fig. 3
		03	Most of the leaves yellowish and drooping.	Fig. 3
		05	Leaves abscise, onset of stem yellowing.	Fig. 3
		07	Stems dead, erect and persisting.	Fig. 3
		09	Harvestable product: root.	Fig. 2
	Reddening fall foliage
		12	Beginning of leaf reddening.	Fig. 3
		13	Most of the leaves yellowish and drooping.	Fig. 3
		15	Leaves abscise, onset of stem yellowing.	Fig. 3
		17	Stems dead, erect and persisting.	Fig. 3
		19	Harvestable product: root.	Fig. 2

NS, Figure not shown.