Table 2.

New therapeutic targets for PSC

Drug	Target	Trial design	Patients	Duration	Outcome
NorUDCA [87]	Bile acid	Randomized, placebo-controlled	161	16 weeks	Improvement in serum ALP
OCA [89]	FXR	Randomized, placebo-controlled	76	24 weeks	Improvement in serum ALP
Budesonide [91]	Glucocorticoid	Open-label	21	1 year	Slight improvement in serum ALP and AST at 1 year
Methotrexate [93]	Folic acid	Randomized, placebo-controlled	24	2 years	No significant change in ALP
Etanercept [95]	TNFα	Open-label	10	6 months	No significant change in T-bil
Infliximab [96]	TNFα	Randomized, placebo-controlled	24	1 year	No significant change in ALP
Vancomycin [99]	Antibiotics	Open-label	14	-	Improvement in serum ALT and γGTP
Probiotics [101]	Probiotics	Randomized, placebo-controlled	14	3 months	No significant change in ALP, γGTP, AST, and ALT

ALP alkaline phosphatase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, FXR farnesoid X receptor, norUDCA norursodeoxycholic acid, OCA obeticholic acid, PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis, T-bil total bilirubin, TNFα tumor necrosis factor-α, γGTP gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase