Table 1.

Annual water and fertilizer input in Chinese double rice—cropping systems.

Treatments	Fertilization	Irrigation
T0	No chemical fertilization	Traditional flooding irrigation
T1	Conventional level of nitrogen (273 kg N ha−1), phosphorus (59 kg P ha−1), and potassium (112 kg K ha−1) fertilizer application	Traditional flooding irrigation
T2	Optimum level of nitrogen (240 kg N ha−1), phosphorus (52 kg P2O5 ha−1), and potassium (198 kg K2O ha−1) fertilizer application	Shallow intermittent irrigation

T₀ = Traditional irrigation; T₁ = Traditional irrigation and fertilization practice; T₂ = Water-saving irrigation and optimizing fertilization.