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. 2021 Jul 15;11:14546. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93868-4

Table 3.

Description of all found associations between chlordane compounds and diabetes-related features.

Publication characteristics Chlordane compound
Oxychlordane Trans-nonachlor Heptachlor Chlordane
References Sex. Age group subjects Diabetes Exposure Contrast # Estimate (95% CI) Estimate (95% CI) Estimate (95% CI) Estimate (95% CI)
Lee et al.25 ♂♀ (≥ 20)

FBG or NFBG or

Self-reported

 ≥ 90th vs. BDL

OR = 6.50

(1.99; 21.26)

OR = 11.8

(4.4; 31.3)

Cox et al.33 ♂♀ (20–74) Self-reported  > 143.75 vs- detectable limit (ppb)

OR = 2.20

(0.37; 13.15)

OR = 1.50

(0.43; 5.25)

Lee et al.26 ♂♀ (20–85) HOMA-IR  > 75th vs. BDL

OR = 8.70

(2.29; 33.10)

OR = 5.40

(1.28; 22.76)

Lee et al.27 ♂♀ (≥ 20) FBG  > 75th vs. BDL

OR = 3.1

(0.80; 11.90)

OR = 7.00

(0.81; 60.42)

Everett et al.34 ♂♀ (≥ 20) HbA1c

 ≥ 14.5 vs. < 14.5

(ng/g lipid)

OR = 1.28

(0.88; 1.87)

OR = 1.30

(0.88; 1.9)

OR = 1.45

(1.04; 2.01)

Lee et al.28 (20–36) FGB. Med Q4 vs Q1 (pg/g lipid)

OR = 1.40

(0.47; 4.15)

OR = 2.00

(0.59; 6.78)

Park et al.50 ♂♀ w ms (56.5 ± 6.9)* HOMA-IR log ng/g lipid

r = 0.08

(p > 0.05)

r = 0.06

(p > 0.05)

r = 0.20

(p > 0.05)

Park et al.50 ♂♀ w/o ms (56.5 ± 6.9)* HOMA-IR log ng/g lipid

r = 0.25

(p > 0.05)

r = 0.20

(p > 0.05)

r = 0.32

(p < 0.05)

Patel et al.35 ♂♀ † FBG Per SD (log ng/g)

OR = 1.70

(1.30; 2.10)

Lee et al.30 ♂♀ (≥ 70) FBG. Med

FBG ≥ 

112 mg/dL or medication

OR = 1.80

(0.49; 6.64)

Son. et al.49 ♂♀ † FBG. Med

T3 vs. T1

(ng/g lipids)

OR = 26.00

(1.30; 518.87)

OR = 8.10

(1.21; 54.08)

OR = 3.10

(0.80; 12.06)

Airaksinen et al.32 ♂♀ (62)* FBG. Med. OGTT  ≥ 90th (19.0–76.0) vs. < 10th (0.73–6.3) (ng/g lipids)

OR = 2.08

(1.18; 3.86)

OR = 2.24

(1.25; 4.02)

Starling et al.48 ♀ (17–88) Self-reported Exposed vs. Non-exposed

OR = 1.48

(0.92; 2.37)

OR = 0.95

(1.01; 1.34)

Rylander et al.36 ♀ (30–70) Self-reported

Q4 vs. Q1

(ng/g lipids)

OR = 7.22

(1.6; 32.58)

OR = 6.56

(1.57; 27.45)

Eden et al.42 ♂♀ (18–65) Self-reported. Medical records

Present vs. Absent

(ng/g lipids)

OR = 1.48 (0.88; 2.49) OR = 2.25 (1.18; 4.29)
Zong et al.43 ♀ † Self-reported. Med T3 vs T1

OR = 2.42

(0.51; 9.86)

OR = 4.44

(1.08; 18.20)

Grice et al.38 ♂♀ † OGTT (ng/g wet weight)

OR = 0.85

(0.56; 1.27)

OR = 1.06

(0.68; 1.64)

Han et al.46 ♂♀ FBG. Med T3 vs T1 (ng/g lipids) OR = 6.29 (3.20; 12.36)
Meta-analysis

OR = 1.96

(1.19; 3.23)

OR = 2.43

(1.64. 3.62)

OR = 1.88

(1.42; 2.49)

β, Beta coefficient; OR, Odds Ratio; r, Pearson correlation; * Mean; †, Without information; w/ ms, whith metabolic syndrome; w/o ms, without metabolic syndrome; FBG, fasting blood glucose; NFBG, nonfasting blood glucose; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment—insulin resistance; Hb1A1c, hemoglobin A1c; OGTT, glucose tolerance test; Med, Medication; italic values represents studies included in meta-analysis.