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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021 May 21;225:108756. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108756

Table 3.

Evaluating education, gender, and race as effect modifiers of the relationship between the immediate nicotine reduction versus no nicotine reduction and expired carbon monoxide (CO), cigarettes per day (CPD), and biomarkers of tobacco exposure analyzed as area under the curve (AUC) for the 20 week intervention period using multiple imputation for missing values

≤ high school education > high school education Male gender Female gender Black White
Mean differencea Mean difference Interaction p-value Mean difference Mean difference Interaction p-value Mean difference Mean difference Interaction p-value
CO ppm −3.78 (−5.30, −2.26) −3.41 (−4.67, −2.15) 0.711 −2.94 (−4.25, −1.63) −4.23 (−5.63, −2.83) 0.188 −2.60 (−4.31, −0.89) −3.72 (−4.97, −2.48) 0.297
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 <0.001
CPD −5.34 (−6.83, −3.84) −5.44 (−6.67, −4.21) 0.914 −6.10 (−7.37, −4.83) −4.55 (−5.95, −3.14) 0.109 −4.30 (−6.07, −2.52) −5.78 (−7.00, −4.55) 0.182
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Geometric mean ratiob Geometric mean ratio Interaction p-value Geometric mean ratiob Geometric mean ratio Interaction p-value Geometric mean ratiob Geometric mean ratio Interaction p-value
TNE (nmol/mg) 0.46 (0.38, 0.56) 0.39 (0.33, 0.46) 0.220 0.46 (0.39, 0.55) 0.37 (0.31, 0.44) 0.062 0.51 (0.41, 0.64) 0.39 (0.33, 0.45) 0.047
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
NNAL (pmol/mg) 0.75 (0.64, 0.87) 0.62 (0.54, 0.70) 0.068 0.70 (0.61, 0.80) 0.62 (0.54, 0.72) 0.285 0.77 (0.65, 0.93) 0.64 (0.56, 0.72) 0.075
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.005 <0.001
PheT (pmol/mg) 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) 0.89 (0.82, 0.97) 0.265 0.87 (0.80, 0.95) 0.86 (0.78, 0.95) 0.889 0.91 (0.81, 1.03) 0.85 (0.78, 0.93) 0.360
<0.001 0.008 0.002 0.003 0.147 <0.001
CEMA (pmol/mg) 0.76 (0.65, 0.88) 0.76 (0.65, 0.88) 0.174 0.71 (0.63, 0,81) 0.68 (0.58, 0.79) 0.667 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) 0.68 (0.60, 0.77) 0.205
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.011 <0.001
a:

interpreted as the larger (more negative) difference indicating a greater reduction in the immediate versus no nicotine reduction (control) condition.

b:

interpreted as a smaller ratio indicating a greater decrease in the immediate versus no nicotine reduction (control) condition.

Parentheses indicated 95% confidence intervals; CO: Carbon monoxide; CPD: Cigarettes per day; TNE: total nicotine equivalents; NNAL: urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and its glucuronides; PheT: phenanthrene tetraol; CEMA: N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine; Education models are adjusted for the baseline of the dependent variable, site, employment, baseline FTND, baseline NMR, gender, race, menthol smoking, and urinary TNE at baseline (adjusted for creatinine); Gender models are adjusted for the baseline of the dependent variable, site, employment, baseline FTND, baseline NMR, age education, CPD at baseline, smoking duration, menthol smoking, CO at baseline, Urinary TNE at baseline (adjusted for creatinine); Race models are adjusted for the baseline of the dependent variable, site, employment, baseline FTND, baseline NMR, age education, CPD at baseline, menthol smoking, CO at baseline, Urinary TNE at baseline (adjusted for creatinine)